In feudal China and Europe once had a seemingly same phenomenon of godding the kingship. The European believed in the idea of Divine Right of kings, while the Chinese deeply thought that Emperor was entrusted by Heave...In feudal China and Europe once had a seemingly same phenomenon of godding the kingship. The European believed in the idea of Divine Right of kings, while the Chinese deeply thought that Emperor was entrusted by Heaven to rule the world. Both king and Emperor were authorized rulers. However, those theories have difference in connotation, foundation and representation; therefore they are different at the core.展开更多
Acute liver failure(ALF)refers to a state of severe hepatic injury that leads to altered coagulation and sensorium in the absence of pre-existing liver disease.ALF has different causes,but the clinical characteristics...Acute liver failure(ALF)refers to a state of severe hepatic injury that leads to altered coagulation and sensorium in the absence of pre-existing liver disease.ALF has different causes,but the clinical characteristics are strikingly similar.In clinical practice,however,inconsistency in the definition of ALF worldwide and confusion regarding the existence of pre-existing liver disease raise diagnostic dilemmas.ALF mortality rates used to be over 80%in the past;however,survival rates on medical treatment have significantly improved in recent years due to a greater understanding of pathophysiology and advances in critical care management.The survival rates in acetaminophen-associated ALF have become close to the post-transplant survival rates.Given that liver transplantation(LT)is an expensive treatment that involves a major surgical operation in critically ill patients and lifelong immunosuppression,it is very important to select accurate patients who may benefit from it.Still,emergency LT remains a lifesaving procedure for many ALF patients.However,there is a lack of consistency in current prognostic models that hampers the selection of transplant candidates in a timely and precise manner.The other problems associated with LT in ALF are the shortage of graft,development of contraindications on the waiting list,vaguely defined delisting criteria,time constraints for pre-transplant evaluation,ethical concerns,and comparatively poor post-transplant outcomes in ALF.Therefore,there is a desperate need to establish accurate prognostic models and explore the roles of evolving adjunctive and alternative therapies,such as liver support systems,plasma exchange,stem cells,auxiliary LT,and so on,to enhance transplant-free survival and to fill the void created by the graft shortage.展开更多
This paper presents the different categories of communicative names of cities and streets with some examples all over the world. The commemorative role is playing also by the names of some continents, like America, fr...This paper presents the different categories of communicative names of cities and streets with some examples all over the world. The commemorative role is playing also by the names of some continents, like America, from the Amerigo Vespucci＇s name. But many countries and states particularly in the Americas remember the Columbus＇ name. Many city names remember political leaders of great significance, like Washington after Georg Washington, Monrovia after James Monroe, Leningrad （today Saint Petersburg, which remembered the tsar Peter I）. Two soviet leaders, Lenin and Stalin were remembered by two Russian cities, Leningrad and Stalingrad, nowadays Saint Petersburg and Volgograd. The name Ho Chi Minh, after the North Vietnamese leader. The names of other regions and cities have been considered, like many cities and islands named Georgia after some kings. Also Louisiana, The Carolinas, Lfopoldville, Elisabethville were named after other kings and queens. Some cities and islands＇ names remember explorers, like Cook, Stanley, Louren^o Marques （today Maputo, after the name of a fiver）, Brazzaville after, Pietro Paolo Savorgnan di Bra77h etc. Rio de Janeiro is named after the date of its discovery. Many place names were named after Alexander the Great, outer than the Italian Alesssandria, named after the Pope Alexander III. Many place names remember Saints, particularly in Latin America, but also in North America, like St. Francisco. The streets＇ names are many all over the world. In Rome we have streets names to politicians, like Camill Benso di Cavour, Giuseppe Mazzini and Palmiro Togliatti; writers like Alessandro Manzoni and Torquato Tasso. A name like Giuseppe Garibaldi is extremely diffused in all Italy and also in other countries.展开更多
Georgian historiography dates the reign of King Vakhtang Gorgasali （Gorg-a-sar--＇wolf-head＇ in Persian） to the 2nd half of 5th century. The king is considered to have died in 502 in a fight with Persians. Cyril To...Georgian historiography dates the reign of King Vakhtang Gorgasali （Gorg-a-sar--＇wolf-head＇ in Persian） to the 2nd half of 5th century. The king is considered to have died in 502 in a fight with Persians. Cyril Toumanoff has expressed an opinion about the identification of Vakhtang Gorgasali with the King of Kartli Gurgen, mentioned by Procopius of Caesarea in 523. Accordingly, he believed that in case of such an identification, Vakhtang Gorgasali should have died in 527 during the big Persian invasion of Georgia. We have noticed that the author of the martyrdom of David and Constantine, who were based on the ancient chronicle （＂Dzveli Utskebani＂---Old Story） and who created his hagiographic work in the middle of 1 lth century, made a big mistake： erroneously, due to the similarity of names, he identified the sons of Georgian King Vakhtang Gorgasali Darchil and Mihrdat and the invasion of Persians in their reign with the sons of the ruler of Georgia （Kartli） Stephanoz III Mihrdat and Archil and invasions of Arabs and Marwan ibn Muhammad （Murvan Qru--＂Marwan the Deaf＇） that took place two centuries later, in the 30s of 8th century. Consequently, the author related the martyrdom on the background of Arab invasions. The fact that according to the author of the martyrdom, the sons of Vakhtang Gorgasali were in West Georgia, namely Anakopia, and fought the so-called Arabs there, makes it clear that the historical developments were taking place in the period of the Great Persian-Byzantine War of 542-562. In the title of the work it is mentioned that the invasion, during which the martyrdom of David and Constantine took place, happened in the vicinity of the death of Vakhtang Gorgasali. Thus, it becomes clear that King Vakhtang Gorgasali could not have died during the Persian-Byzantine War of 502-505 and that the Great Invasion of Persians described in the ＂Georgian Chronicles＂, in which Vakhtang Gorgasali was wounded, could only have happened in 527. The king must have died during a wa展开更多
文摘In feudal China and Europe once had a seemingly same phenomenon of godding the kingship. The European believed in the idea of Divine Right of kings, while the Chinese deeply thought that Emperor was entrusted by Heaven to rule the world. Both king and Emperor were authorized rulers. However, those theories have difference in connotation, foundation and representation; therefore they are different at the core.
文摘Acute liver failure(ALF)refers to a state of severe hepatic injury that leads to altered coagulation and sensorium in the absence of pre-existing liver disease.ALF has different causes,but the clinical characteristics are strikingly similar.In clinical practice,however,inconsistency in the definition of ALF worldwide and confusion regarding the existence of pre-existing liver disease raise diagnostic dilemmas.ALF mortality rates used to be over 80%in the past;however,survival rates on medical treatment have significantly improved in recent years due to a greater understanding of pathophysiology and advances in critical care management.The survival rates in acetaminophen-associated ALF have become close to the post-transplant survival rates.Given that liver transplantation(LT)is an expensive treatment that involves a major surgical operation in critically ill patients and lifelong immunosuppression,it is very important to select accurate patients who may benefit from it.Still,emergency LT remains a lifesaving procedure for many ALF patients.However,there is a lack of consistency in current prognostic models that hampers the selection of transplant candidates in a timely and precise manner.The other problems associated with LT in ALF are the shortage of graft,development of contraindications on the waiting list,vaguely defined delisting criteria,time constraints for pre-transplant evaluation,ethical concerns,and comparatively poor post-transplant outcomes in ALF.Therefore,there is a desperate need to establish accurate prognostic models and explore the roles of evolving adjunctive and alternative therapies,such as liver support systems,plasma exchange,stem cells,auxiliary LT,and so on,to enhance transplant-free survival and to fill the void created by the graft shortage.
文摘This paper presents the different categories of communicative names of cities and streets with some examples all over the world. The commemorative role is playing also by the names of some continents, like America, from the Amerigo Vespucci＇s name. But many countries and states particularly in the Americas remember the Columbus＇ name. Many city names remember political leaders of great significance, like Washington after Georg Washington, Monrovia after James Monroe, Leningrad （today Saint Petersburg, which remembered the tsar Peter I）. Two soviet leaders, Lenin and Stalin were remembered by two Russian cities, Leningrad and Stalingrad, nowadays Saint Petersburg and Volgograd. The name Ho Chi Minh, after the North Vietnamese leader. The names of other regions and cities have been considered, like many cities and islands named Georgia after some kings. Also Louisiana, The Carolinas, Lfopoldville, Elisabethville were named after other kings and queens. Some cities and islands＇ names remember explorers, like Cook, Stanley, Louren^o Marques （today Maputo, after the name of a fiver）, Brazzaville after, Pietro Paolo Savorgnan di Bra77h etc. Rio de Janeiro is named after the date of its discovery. Many place names were named after Alexander the Great, outer than the Italian Alesssandria, named after the Pope Alexander III. Many place names remember Saints, particularly in Latin America, but also in North America, like St. Francisco. The streets＇ names are many all over the world. In Rome we have streets names to politicians, like Camill Benso di Cavour, Giuseppe Mazzini and Palmiro Togliatti; writers like Alessandro Manzoni and Torquato Tasso. A name like Giuseppe Garibaldi is extremely diffused in all Italy and also in other countries.
文摘Georgian historiography dates the reign of King Vakhtang Gorgasali （Gorg-a-sar--＇wolf-head＇ in Persian） to the 2nd half of 5th century. The king is considered to have died in 502 in a fight with Persians. Cyril Toumanoff has expressed an opinion about the identification of Vakhtang Gorgasali with the King of Kartli Gurgen, mentioned by Procopius of Caesarea in 523. Accordingly, he believed that in case of such an identification, Vakhtang Gorgasali should have died in 527 during the big Persian invasion of Georgia. We have noticed that the author of the martyrdom of David and Constantine, who were based on the ancient chronicle （＂Dzveli Utskebani＂---Old Story） and who created his hagiographic work in the middle of 1 lth century, made a big mistake： erroneously, due to the similarity of names, he identified the sons of Georgian King Vakhtang Gorgasali Darchil and Mihrdat and the invasion of Persians in their reign with the sons of the ruler of Georgia （Kartli） Stephanoz III Mihrdat and Archil and invasions of Arabs and Marwan ibn Muhammad （Murvan Qru--＂Marwan the Deaf＇） that took place two centuries later, in the 30s of 8th century. Consequently, the author related the martyrdom on the background of Arab invasions. The fact that according to the author of the martyrdom, the sons of Vakhtang Gorgasali were in West Georgia, namely Anakopia, and fought the so-called Arabs there, makes it clear that the historical developments were taking place in the period of the Great Persian-Byzantine War of 542-562. In the title of the work it is mentioned that the invasion, during which the martyrdom of David and Constantine took place, happened in the vicinity of the death of Vakhtang Gorgasali. Thus, it becomes clear that King Vakhtang Gorgasali could not have died during the Persian-Byzantine War of 502-505 and that the Great Invasion of Persians described in the ＂Georgian Chronicles＂, in which Vakhtang Gorgasali was wounded, could only have happened in 527. The king must have died during a wa
