This paper introduces an architecture of distributed systems that facilitates the implementation of a substantial range of dependable system properties, i.e., properties that span an entire system, or a set of compone...This paper introduces an architecture of distributed systems that facilitates the implementation of a substantial range of dependable system properties, i.e., properties that span an entire system, or a set of components dispersed throughout it. This architecture, called GDS, for governed distributed system, governs the system by controlling the flow of messages between its actors, independently of the internals of the interacting actors. This governance is done via an enforced collection of interaction laws organized into a modular and conflict free hierarchical ensemble. This ensemble of laws is sensitive to the history of interaction;and it is enforced in a decentralized manner, and is thus scalable. The dependable system properties that can be implemented under GDS can have the following beneficial consequences, among others: a) the ability to establish regularities over the system, rendering it more coherent, and easier to reason about;b) the ability to provide a degree of trust among the disparate actor of the system;and c) the ability to ensure compliance with interaction protocols that are essential for distributed computing. Consequently, the GDS architecture can have a significant impact on the following important system qualities: security, fault tolerance, auditability, and manageability.展开更多
The state of the physics of convective clouds and cloud seeding is discussed briefly. It is noted that at the present time there is a transition from the stage of investigation of “elementary” processes in the cloud...The state of the physics of convective clouds and cloud seeding is discussed briefly. It is noted that at the present time there is a transition from the stage of investigation of “elementary” processes in the clouds to the stage of studying the formation of macro- and microstructural characteristics of clouds as a whole, taking into account their system properties. The main directions of the development of cloud physics at the upcoming stage of its development are discussed. The paper points out that one of these areas is the determination of the structure-forming factors for the clouds and the study of their influence on their formation and evolution. It is noted that one of such factors is the interaction of clouds with their surrounding atmosphere, and the main method of studying its role in the processes of cloud formation is mathematical modeling. A three-dimensional nonstationary model of convective clouds is presented with a detailed account of the processes of thermohydrodynamics and microphysics, which is used for research. The results of modeling the influence of the wind field structure in the atmosphere on the formation and evolution of clouds are presented. It is shown that the dynamic characteristics of the atmosphere have a significant effect on the formation of macro- and microstructural characteristics of convective clouds: the more complex the structure of the wind field in the atmosphere (i.e., the more intense the interaction of the atmosphere and the cloud), the less powerful the clouds are formed.展开更多
文摘This paper introduces an architecture of distributed systems that facilitates the implementation of a substantial range of dependable system properties, i.e., properties that span an entire system, or a set of components dispersed throughout it. This architecture, called GDS, for governed distributed system, governs the system by controlling the flow of messages between its actors, independently of the internals of the interacting actors. This governance is done via an enforced collection of interaction laws organized into a modular and conflict free hierarchical ensemble. This ensemble of laws is sensitive to the history of interaction;and it is enforced in a decentralized manner, and is thus scalable. The dependable system properties that can be implemented under GDS can have the following beneficial consequences, among others: a) the ability to establish regularities over the system, rendering it more coherent, and easier to reason about;b) the ability to provide a degree of trust among the disparate actor of the system;and c) the ability to ensure compliance with interaction protocols that are essential for distributed computing. Consequently, the GDS architecture can have a significant impact on the following important system qualities: security, fault tolerance, auditability, and manageability.
文摘The state of the physics of convective clouds and cloud seeding is discussed briefly. It is noted that at the present time there is a transition from the stage of investigation of “elementary” processes in the clouds to the stage of studying the formation of macro- and microstructural characteristics of clouds as a whole, taking into account their system properties. The main directions of the development of cloud physics at the upcoming stage of its development are discussed. The paper points out that one of these areas is the determination of the structure-forming factors for the clouds and the study of their influence on their formation and evolution. It is noted that one of such factors is the interaction of clouds with their surrounding atmosphere, and the main method of studying its role in the processes of cloud formation is mathematical modeling. A three-dimensional nonstationary model of convective clouds is presented with a detailed account of the processes of thermohydrodynamics and microphysics, which is used for research. The results of modeling the influence of the wind field structure in the atmosphere on the formation and evolution of clouds are presented. It is shown that the dynamic characteristics of the atmosphere have a significant effect on the formation of macro- and microstructural characteristics of convective clouds: the more complex the structure of the wind field in the atmosphere (i.e., the more intense the interaction of the atmosphere and the cloud), the less powerful the clouds are formed.
