Green house gases reduction is critical in current climate emergency and was declared as major target by United Nations.This manuscript proposes the progressive adaptive recursive multi threshold control strategy for ...Green house gases reduction is critical in current climate emergency and was declared as major target by United Nations.This manuscript proposes the progressive adaptive recursive multi threshold control strategy for hybrid energy storage system that combines thermal storage reservoirs,heat pumps,storage heaters,photovoltaic array and a battery.The newest control strategy is tested in numerical experiment against primal dual simplex optimisation method as benchmark and previous iterations of RED WoLF threshold approaches.The proposed algorithm allows improvement in reduction of CO_(2) emissions by 9%comparatively to RED WoLF double threshold approach and by 26%comparatively to RED WoLF single threshold approach.Besides,the proposed technique is at least 100 times faster than linear optimisation,making the algorithm applicable to edge systems.The proposed method is later tested in numerical experiment on two measured datasets from Luxembourg school and office,equipped with batteries and ground source heat pumps.The system allows the reduction of CO_(2) emission and improvement of self-consumption,size reduction of the photovoltaic array installed at the facilities by at least by half as well as substituting battery storage by thermal storage,reducing the initial investment to the system.Intriguingly,despite 3.6 times difference in efficiency between heat pumps and storage heaters,the system equipped with latter have potential to achieve similar performance in carbon reduction,suggesting that energy storage have more prominent carbon reduction effect,than the power consumption,making cheaper systems with storage heaters a possible alternative to heat pumps.展开更多
Consecutive charging and discharging of storage devices(SDs)might deem beneficial from the perspective of short-term operation.However,it highly impacts the life span of the embedded battery and render restrictions on...Consecutive charging and discharging of storage devices(SDs)might deem beneficial from the perspective of short-term operation.However,it highly impacts the life span of the embedded battery and render restrictions on energy storage capacity.We investigate short-term and long-term constraints of SDs through a three-stage price-elastic approach to the optimal operation of small-scale SDs in smart houses.The first stage deals with data and scenario characterization where the data for determining short-term and long-term operation constraints of SD are acquired.Proper number of scenarios are generated to represent uncertain parameters such as long-term demand forecasting,daily load profile,electricity price,and photovoltaic(PV)generation.The second stage optimizes the long-term operation of SD using the envisioned scenarios subject to the long-term operation constraints and the installment costs of SDs.The outputs of this stage are two indicators referred to as price elasticity and price offset coefficients,which are used as the inputs for the third stage.The third stage is responsible for decision-making on short-term operation of SDs.The outputs of the second stage along with short-term forecasting for daily electricity price,daily load and daily PV generation are acquired.Based on the acquired data,proper price elasticity and price offset are determined for optimal operation.Comprehensive simulations are performed for different demand forecasting and electricity prices.Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach.展开更多
Objective Chinese allergic subjects have high levels of sensitization to house dust mite （HDM） and other indoor allergens. This study quantifies common indoor allergen levels in Chinese households. Methods Dust samp...Objective Chinese allergic subjects have high levels of sensitization to house dust mite （HDM） and other indoor allergens. This study quantifies common indoor allergen levels in Chinese households. Methods Dust samples were collected from nine cities. Major allergens Der p 1 and Der f I from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and D. farinae, and specific antigens of Blomia tropicalis, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Acarus siro, and cockroach species Blattella germanica and Periplaneta americana were measured by ELISA.Results HDM allergens were found in dust samples from bedding in 95% of the Chinese households. The median levels varied from 〈0.006 to 9.2 μg/g of dust, depending on the city. The percentages of households having HDM allergen levels associated with the risk of developing allergy sensitization and asthma were 65% and 25%, respectively. Specific antigens of the storage mite and cockroach were only found in samples from the southern and tropical regions of China. Levels of mite allergens were generally higher in samples from bedding compared to samples from the living room, even for storage mites, whereas levels of cockroach antigens were higher in the living room samples.Conclusion HDM allergens are present in bedding dust samples from most Chinese households. Cities in southern and central China have relatively high levels of HDM major allergens compared to cities in northern and western China. Antigens of storage mites and cockroaches are not as common as HDM allergens.展开更多
文摘Green house gases reduction is critical in current climate emergency and was declared as major target by United Nations.This manuscript proposes the progressive adaptive recursive multi threshold control strategy for hybrid energy storage system that combines thermal storage reservoirs,heat pumps,storage heaters,photovoltaic array and a battery.The newest control strategy is tested in numerical experiment against primal dual simplex optimisation method as benchmark and previous iterations of RED WoLF threshold approaches.The proposed algorithm allows improvement in reduction of CO_(2) emissions by 9%comparatively to RED WoLF double threshold approach and by 26%comparatively to RED WoLF single threshold approach.Besides,the proposed technique is at least 100 times faster than linear optimisation,making the algorithm applicable to edge systems.The proposed method is later tested in numerical experiment on two measured datasets from Luxembourg school and office,equipped with batteries and ground source heat pumps.The system allows the reduction of CO_(2) emission and improvement of self-consumption,size reduction of the photovoltaic array installed at the facilities by at least by half as well as substituting battery storage by thermal storage,reducing the initial investment to the system.Intriguingly,despite 3.6 times difference in efficiency between heat pumps and storage heaters,the system equipped with latter have potential to achieve similar performance in carbon reduction,suggesting that energy storage have more prominent carbon reduction effect,than the power consumption,making cheaper systems with storage heaters a possible alternative to heat pumps.
基金This paper presents the scientific results of the project“Intelligent system for trading on wholesale electricity market”(SMARTRADE),co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund(ERDF)through the Competitiveness Operational Programme(COP)2014-2020,priority axis 1-Research,technological development and innovation(RD&I)with the contract ID P_37_418,no.62/05.09.2016,beneficiary The Bucharest University of Economic StudiesThis work was also supported by TüBITAK TEYDEB program(No.9180003).
文摘Consecutive charging and discharging of storage devices(SDs)might deem beneficial from the perspective of short-term operation.However,it highly impacts the life span of the embedded battery and render restrictions on energy storage capacity.We investigate short-term and long-term constraints of SDs through a three-stage price-elastic approach to the optimal operation of small-scale SDs in smart houses.The first stage deals with data and scenario characterization where the data for determining short-term and long-term operation constraints of SD are acquired.Proper number of scenarios are generated to represent uncertain parameters such as long-term demand forecasting,daily load profile,electricity price,and photovoltaic(PV)generation.The second stage optimizes the long-term operation of SD using the envisioned scenarios subject to the long-term operation constraints and the installment costs of SDs.The outputs of this stage are two indicators referred to as price elasticity and price offset coefficients,which are used as the inputs for the third stage.The third stage is responsible for decision-making on short-term operation of SDs.The outputs of the second stage along with short-term forecasting for daily electricity price,daily load and daily PV generation are acquired.Based on the acquired data,proper price elasticity and price offset are determined for optimal operation.Comprehensive simulations are performed for different demand forecasting and electricity prices.Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
文摘Objective Chinese allergic subjects have high levels of sensitization to house dust mite （HDM） and other indoor allergens. This study quantifies common indoor allergen levels in Chinese households. Methods Dust samples were collected from nine cities. Major allergens Der p 1 and Der f I from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and D. farinae, and specific antigens of Blomia tropicalis, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Acarus siro, and cockroach species Blattella germanica and Periplaneta americana were measured by ELISA.Results HDM allergens were found in dust samples from bedding in 95% of the Chinese households. The median levels varied from 〈0.006 to 9.2 μg/g of dust, depending on the city. The percentages of households having HDM allergen levels associated with the risk of developing allergy sensitization and asthma were 65% and 25%, respectively. Specific antigens of the storage mite and cockroach were only found in samples from the southern and tropical regions of China. Levels of mite allergens were generally higher in samples from bedding compared to samples from the living room, even for storage mites, whereas levels of cockroach antigens were higher in the living room samples.Conclusion HDM allergens are present in bedding dust samples from most Chinese households. Cities in southern and central China have relatively high levels of HDM major allergens compared to cities in northern and western China. Antigens of storage mites and cockroaches are not as common as HDM allergens.
