Understanding the anisotropic creep behaviors of shale under direct shearing is a challenging issue.In this context,we conducted shear-creep and steady-creep tests on shale with five bedding orientations (i.e.0°,...Understanding the anisotropic creep behaviors of shale under direct shearing is a challenging issue.In this context,we conducted shear-creep and steady-creep tests on shale with five bedding orientations (i.e.0°,30°,45°,60°,and 90°),under multiple levels of direct shearing for the first time.The results show that the anisotropic creep of shale exhibits a significant stress-dependent behavior.Under a low shear stress,the creep compliance of shale increases linearly with the logarithm of time at all bedding orientations,and the increase depends on the bedding orientation and creep time.Under high shear stress conditions,the creep compliance of shale is minimal when the bedding orientation is 0°,and the steady-creep rate of shale increases significantly with increasing bedding orientations of 30°,45°,60°,and 90°.The stress-strain values corresponding to the inception of the accelerated creep stage show an increasing and then decreasing trend with the bedding orientation.A semilogarithmic model that could reflect the stress dependence of the steady-creep rate while considering the hardening and damage process is proposed.The model minimizes the deviation of the calculated steady-state creep rate from the observed value and reveals the behavior of the bedding orientation's influence on the steady-creep rate.The applicability of the five classical empirical creep models is quantitatively evaluated.It shows that the logarithmic model can well explain the experimental creep strain and creep rate,and it can accurately predict long-term shear creep deformation.Based on an improved logarithmic model,the variations in creep parameters with shear stress and bedding orientations are discussed.With abovementioned findings,a mathematical method for constructing an anisotropic shear creep model of shale is proposed,which can characterize the nonlinear dependence of the anisotropic shear creep behavior of shale on the bedding orientation.展开更多
工业纯钛TA2中低温蠕变行为存在显著的温度及应力相关性。基于外加应力水平和蠕变应变的变化关系,确定不同蠕变温度下的门槛应力水平。根据短时蠕变实验数据,利用包含稳态蠕变速率的本构方程外推稳态蠕变速率,而后进行两组相对长时的蠕...工业纯钛TA2中低温蠕变行为存在显著的温度及应力相关性。基于外加应力水平和蠕变应变的变化关系,确定不同蠕变温度下的门槛应力水平。根据短时蠕变实验数据,利用包含稳态蠕变速率的本构方程外推稳态蠕变速率,而后进行两组相对长时的蠕变实验,证明了工业纯钛中低温蠕变存在稳态蠕变阶段。利用稳态蠕变速率与应力关系,计算出工业纯钛室温蠕变应力指数为6.96,也说明了外推稳态蠕变速率的可靠性。中低温蠕变激活能随着蠕变进行变化不大(≈60 k J/mol),但一直大于以位错为变形主导机制的变形激活能(30~40 k J/mol),表明孪晶对于工业纯钛中低温蠕变发展整个阶段均起重要作用。根据蠕变后试样孪晶结构随温度的变化解释了TA2蠕变行为的温度相关性,同时也证明了孪晶对于TA2蠕变行为的重要性.展开更多
G115 steel was jointly developed by China Iron & Steel Research Institute Group Co.,Ltd.and Baosteel for usage in 600-650 ℃ ultrasupercritical boiler tubes.Using a hot extruded G115 tube,creep tests were conducte...G115 steel was jointly developed by China Iron & Steel Research Institute Group Co.,Ltd.and Baosteel for usage in 600-650 ℃ ultrasupercritical boiler tubes.Using a hot extruded G115 tube,creep tests were conducted under a constant stress of 130 MPa and temperatures of 625,650 and 675 ℃.Comparing creep curves under different temperatures,it is observed that the creep performance of a G115 tube is more sensitive to temperature than stress.Steady-state creep rates of creep specimens are significantly increased by enhancing the temperature.A micro-structural analysis of ruptured creep specimens under a stress of 130 MPa and temperatures of 650 ℃ and 675 ℃ was performed;the fracture mechanism of creep specimens under these two temperatures mainly included the appearance of creep holes on the grain boundary and a decrease in the martensite lath density.展开更多
Theoretical analysis and finite element （FE） simulation have been carried out for a constant specific load rate （CSLR） indentation creep test. Analytical results indicate that both the representative stress and th...Theoretical analysis and finite element （FE） simulation have been carried out for a constant specific load rate （CSLR） indentation creep test. Analytical results indicate that both the representative stress and the indentation strain rate become constant after a transient period. Moreover, the FE simulation reveals that both the contours of equivalent stress and equivalent plastic strain rate underneath the indenter evolve with geometrical self-similarity. This suggests that pseudo-steady indentation creep occurs in the region beneath the indenter. The representative points in the region are defined as the ones with the equivalent stress equal to the representative stress. In addition, it is revealed that the proportionality between indentation strain rate and equivalent plastic strain rate holds at the representative points during the pseudo-steady indentation creep of a power law material. A control volume （CV） beneath the indenter, which governs the indenter velocity, is identified. The size of the CV at the indented surface is approximately 2.5 times the size of the impression. The stress exponent for creep can be obtained from the pseudosteady indentation creep data. These results demonstrate that the CSLR testing technique can be used to evaluate creep parameters with the same accuracy as conventional uniaxial creep tests.展开更多
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U22A20166 and 12172230)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Grant No.2023A1515012654)+1 种基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U22A20166 and 12172230)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Grant No.2023A1515012654)。
文摘Understanding the anisotropic creep behaviors of shale under direct shearing is a challenging issue.In this context,we conducted shear-creep and steady-creep tests on shale with five bedding orientations (i.e.0°,30°,45°,60°,and 90°),under multiple levels of direct shearing for the first time.The results show that the anisotropic creep of shale exhibits a significant stress-dependent behavior.Under a low shear stress,the creep compliance of shale increases linearly with the logarithm of time at all bedding orientations,and the increase depends on the bedding orientation and creep time.Under high shear stress conditions,the creep compliance of shale is minimal when the bedding orientation is 0°,and the steady-creep rate of shale increases significantly with increasing bedding orientations of 30°,45°,60°,and 90°.The stress-strain values corresponding to the inception of the accelerated creep stage show an increasing and then decreasing trend with the bedding orientation.A semilogarithmic model that could reflect the stress dependence of the steady-creep rate while considering the hardening and damage process is proposed.The model minimizes the deviation of the calculated steady-state creep rate from the observed value and reveals the behavior of the bedding orientation's influence on the steady-creep rate.The applicability of the five classical empirical creep models is quantitatively evaluated.It shows that the logarithmic model can well explain the experimental creep strain and creep rate,and it can accurately predict long-term shear creep deformation.Based on an improved logarithmic model,the variations in creep parameters with shear stress and bedding orientations are discussed.With abovementioned findings,a mathematical method for constructing an anisotropic shear creep model of shale is proposed,which can characterize the nonlinear dependence of the anisotropic shear creep behavior of shale on the bedding orientation.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(51475223,51075199)
文摘工业纯钛TA2中低温蠕变行为存在显著的温度及应力相关性。基于外加应力水平和蠕变应变的变化关系,确定不同蠕变温度下的门槛应力水平。根据短时蠕变实验数据,利用包含稳态蠕变速率的本构方程外推稳态蠕变速率,而后进行两组相对长时的蠕变实验,证明了工业纯钛中低温蠕变存在稳态蠕变阶段。利用稳态蠕变速率与应力关系,计算出工业纯钛室温蠕变应力指数为6.96,也说明了外推稳态蠕变速率的可靠性。中低温蠕变激活能随着蠕变进行变化不大(≈60 k J/mol),但一直大于以位错为变形主导机制的变形激活能(30~40 k J/mol),表明孪晶对于工业纯钛中低温蠕变发展整个阶段均起重要作用。根据蠕变后试样孪晶结构随温度的变化解释了TA2蠕变行为的温度相关性,同时也证明了孪晶对于TA2蠕变行为的重要性.
文摘G115 steel was jointly developed by China Iron & Steel Research Institute Group Co.,Ltd.and Baosteel for usage in 600-650 ℃ ultrasupercritical boiler tubes.Using a hot extruded G115 tube,creep tests were conducted under a constant stress of 130 MPa and temperatures of 625,650 and 675 ℃.Comparing creep curves under different temperatures,it is observed that the creep performance of a G115 tube is more sensitive to temperature than stress.Steady-state creep rates of creep specimens are significantly increased by enhancing the temperature.A micro-structural analysis of ruptured creep specimens under a stress of 130 MPa and temperatures of 650 ℃ and 675 ℃ was performed;the fracture mechanism of creep specimens under these two temperatures mainly included the appearance of creep holes on the grain boundary and a decrease in the martensite lath density.
文摘Theoretical analysis and finite element （FE） simulation have been carried out for a constant specific load rate （CSLR） indentation creep test. Analytical results indicate that both the representative stress and the indentation strain rate become constant after a transient period. Moreover, the FE simulation reveals that both the contours of equivalent stress and equivalent plastic strain rate underneath the indenter evolve with geometrical self-similarity. This suggests that pseudo-steady indentation creep occurs in the region beneath the indenter. The representative points in the region are defined as the ones with the equivalent stress equal to the representative stress. In addition, it is revealed that the proportionality between indentation strain rate and equivalent plastic strain rate holds at the representative points during the pseudo-steady indentation creep of a power law material. A control volume （CV） beneath the indenter, which governs the indenter velocity, is identified. The size of the CV at the indented surface is approximately 2.5 times the size of the impression. The stress exponent for creep can be obtained from the pseudosteady indentation creep data. These results demonstrate that the CSLR testing technique can be used to evaluate creep parameters with the same accuracy as conventional uniaxial creep tests.
