Two sets of silicon-based micro pulsating heat pipes(SMPHPs) with trapezoidal cross section having hydraulic diameters of 352 μm(#1) and 394 μm(#2) respectively were fabricated for the first time using MEMS technolo...Two sets of silicon-based micro pulsating heat pipes(SMPHPs) with trapezoidal cross section having hydraulic diameters of 352 μm(#1) and 394 μm(#2) respectively were fabricated for the first time using MEMS technology.With FC-72 as the working fluid,the start-up,steady operation state,as well as flow patterns were investigated using a CCD camera.It was found that the start-up process of these two SMPHPs was rather rapid.At the start-up period,no nucleation was observed,and the vapor plugs at the evaporator U-bends were formed mainly due to the breakup of liquid slugs.At the steady operation state,self-sustained oscillation with large amplitudes dominated the flow behavior when the inclination angle varied from 10° to 90°,but the nucleate boiling and bulk circulation were observed only in SMPHP #2.While bubbly,slug/plug,annular/semi-annular,and wavy-annular flows were observed in both two SMPHPs,the injection flow only appeared in SMPHP #2.展开更多
在总循环能量和发动机转速不变的条件下,运用一台六缸重型增压柴油机研究了不同喷油定时和氧含量对正丙醇/柴油活性控制压燃(Reactivity controlled compression ignition,RCCI)的燃烧与排放特性的影响.结果表明,随着喷油定时(Start of ...在总循环能量和发动机转速不变的条件下,运用一台六缸重型增压柴油机研究了不同喷油定时和氧含量对正丙醇/柴油活性控制压燃(Reactivity controlled compression ignition,RCCI)的燃烧与排放特性的影响.结果表明,随着喷油定时(Start of injection,SOI)的提前,第一燃烧阶段的放热率峰值和缸内温度不断增加,初始着火相位(CA10)和燃烧重心(CA50)同步提前,燃烧持续期基本不变,滞燃期增加.CO和HC的排放随SOI提前逐渐减小,而NO_(x)的排放随SOI提前逐渐增加;颗粒物排放的平均粒径(Particle average diameter,PAD)和颗粒物质量浓度(Particle mass concentration,PMC)及颗粒物数量浓度(Particle number concentration,PNC)会随SOI的提前呈现出逐渐降低的趋势.而氧含量(Oxygen ratios,RO)的增加会使缸内压力和缸内温度整体略微下降,滞燃期整体小幅度增加.CO和HC的排放会随着RO的增加而增加,但RO基本不影响NO_(x)的排放.另外,RO的增加会使得PAD增加,PNC降低,对PMC的影响规律不明显.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No 50925624)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University of China (Grant No NCET-06-0406)the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (Grant Nos 08ZZ10 and 08GG05)
文摘Two sets of silicon-based micro pulsating heat pipes(SMPHPs) with trapezoidal cross section having hydraulic diameters of 352 μm(#1) and 394 μm(#2) respectively were fabricated for the first time using MEMS technology.With FC-72 as the working fluid,the start-up,steady operation state,as well as flow patterns were investigated using a CCD camera.It was found that the start-up process of these two SMPHPs was rather rapid.At the start-up period,no nucleation was observed,and the vapor plugs at the evaporator U-bends were formed mainly due to the breakup of liquid slugs.At the steady operation state,self-sustained oscillation with large amplitudes dominated the flow behavior when the inclination angle varied from 10° to 90°,but the nucleate boiling and bulk circulation were observed only in SMPHP #2.While bubbly,slug/plug,annular/semi-annular,and wavy-annular flows were observed in both two SMPHPs,the injection flow only appeared in SMPHP #2.
文摘在总循环能量和发动机转速不变的条件下,运用一台六缸重型增压柴油机研究了不同喷油定时和氧含量对正丙醇/柴油活性控制压燃(Reactivity controlled compression ignition,RCCI)的燃烧与排放特性的影响.结果表明,随着喷油定时(Start of injection,SOI)的提前,第一燃烧阶段的放热率峰值和缸内温度不断增加,初始着火相位(CA10)和燃烧重心(CA50)同步提前,燃烧持续期基本不变,滞燃期增加.CO和HC的排放随SOI提前逐渐减小,而NO_(x)的排放随SOI提前逐渐增加;颗粒物排放的平均粒径(Particle average diameter,PAD)和颗粒物质量浓度(Particle mass concentration,PMC)及颗粒物数量浓度(Particle number concentration,PNC)会随SOI的提前呈现出逐渐降低的趋势.而氧含量(Oxygen ratios,RO)的增加会使缸内压力和缸内温度整体略微下降,滞燃期整体小幅度增加.CO和HC的排放会随着RO的增加而增加,但RO基本不影响NO_(x)的排放.另外,RO的增加会使得PAD增加,PNC降低,对PMC的影响规律不明显.
