In the blockchain,the consensus mechanism plays a key role in maintaining the security and legitimation of contents recorded in the blocks.Various blockchain consensus mechanisms have been proposed.However,there is no...In the blockchain,the consensus mechanism plays a key role in maintaining the security and legitimation of contents recorded in the blocks.Various blockchain consensus mechanisms have been proposed.However,there is no technical analysis and comparison as a guideline to determine which type of consensus mechanism should be adopted in a specific scenario/application.To this end,this work investigates three mainstream consensus mechanisms in the blockchain,namely,Proof of Work(PoW),Proof of Stake(PoS),and Direct Acyclic Graph(DAG),and identifies their performances in terms of the average time to generate a new block,the confirmation delay,the Transaction Per Second(TPS)and the confirmation failure probability.The results show that the consensus process is affected by both network resource(computation power/coin age,buffer size)and network load conditions.In addition,it shows that PoW and PoS are more sensitive to the change of network resource while DAG is more sensitive to network load conditions.展开更多
Blockchain technology has gained widespread adoption in recent years due to its ability to enable secure and trans-parent record-keeping and data transfer.A critical aspect of blockchain technology is the use of conse...Blockchain technology has gained widespread adoption in recent years due to its ability to enable secure and trans-parent record-keeping and data transfer.A critical aspect of blockchain technology is the use of consensus algorithms,which allow distributed nodes in the network to agree on the state of the blockchain.In this review paper,we exam-ine various consensus algorithms that are used in blockchain systems,including proof-of-work,proof-of-stake,and hybrid approaches.We go over the trade-offs and factors to think about when choosing a consensus algorithm,such as energy efficiency,decentralization,and security.We also look at the strengths and weaknesses of each algorithm as well as their potential impact on the scalability and adoption of blockchain technology.展开更多
This paper aims to discuss and analyze the distribution characteristics of the private placement among different regions and different industries by state-owned and private holding enterprises as well as the changed e...This paper aims to discuss and analyze the distribution characteristics of the private placement among different regions and different industries by state-owned and private holding enterprises as well as the changed earning capacities of the capital before and after the placement. Taking the private placement financing data of the listed companies during the period of 2006-2011 in China's A-share markets as the sample, this study adopts the panel data model to conduct a quantitative analysis of the industrial upgrading effect of the private placement by listed companies with different holding natures. The empirical results show that though the private placement by the state-owned and private holding enterprises has not significantly improved the Clark index in any region, the private placement by private holding companies has significantly improved the growth rate of the tertiary industry in the eastern region. While reducing the proportion of the tertiary industry in GDP in the central and western regions, it has also improved the growth rate of the secondary industry and its proportion in GDP in that region to a larger extent. Yet the private placement of state-owned enterprises has no significant effect on the industrial upgrading path in any region except that it helped to raise the proportion of the secondary industry in GDP a little in the eastern region.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 61701059,Grant 61941114,and Grant 61831002,in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of New TeachersProject,in part by the Chongqing Technological Innovation and Application Development Projects under Grant cstc2019jscx-msxm1322,and in part by the Eighteentg Open Foundation of State Key Lab of Integrated Services Networks of Xidian University under Grant ISN20-05.
文摘In the blockchain,the consensus mechanism plays a key role in maintaining the security and legitimation of contents recorded in the blocks.Various blockchain consensus mechanisms have been proposed.However,there is no technical analysis and comparison as a guideline to determine which type of consensus mechanism should be adopted in a specific scenario/application.To this end,this work investigates three mainstream consensus mechanisms in the blockchain,namely,Proof of Work(PoW),Proof of Stake(PoS),and Direct Acyclic Graph(DAG),and identifies their performances in terms of the average time to generate a new block,the confirmation delay,the Transaction Per Second(TPS)and the confirmation failure probability.The results show that the consensus process is affected by both network resource(computation power/coin age,buffer size)and network load conditions.In addition,it shows that PoW and PoS are more sensitive to the change of network resource while DAG is more sensitive to network load conditions.
文摘Blockchain technology has gained widespread adoption in recent years due to its ability to enable secure and trans-parent record-keeping and data transfer.A critical aspect of blockchain technology is the use of consensus algorithms,which allow distributed nodes in the network to agree on the state of the blockchain.In this review paper,we exam-ine various consensus algorithms that are used in blockchain systems,including proof-of-work,proof-of-stake,and hybrid approaches.We go over the trade-offs and factors to think about when choosing a consensus algorithm,such as energy efficiency,decentralization,and security.We also look at the strengths and weaknesses of each algorithm as well as their potential impact on the scalability and adoption of blockchain technology.
文摘This paper aims to discuss and analyze the distribution characteristics of the private placement among different regions and different industries by state-owned and private holding enterprises as well as the changed earning capacities of the capital before and after the placement. Taking the private placement financing data of the listed companies during the period of 2006-2011 in China's A-share markets as the sample, this study adopts the panel data model to conduct a quantitative analysis of the industrial upgrading effect of the private placement by listed companies with different holding natures. The empirical results show that though the private placement by the state-owned and private holding enterprises has not significantly improved the Clark index in any region, the private placement by private holding companies has significantly improved the growth rate of the tertiary industry in the eastern region. While reducing the proportion of the tertiary industry in GDP in the central and western regions, it has also improved the growth rate of the secondary industry and its proportion in GDP in that region to a larger extent. Yet the private placement of state-owned enterprises has no significant effect on the industrial upgrading path in any region except that it helped to raise the proportion of the secondary industry in GDP a little in the eastern region.
