To promote spinosad biosynthesis by improving the limited oxygen supply during high-density fermentation of Saccharopolyspora spinosa, the open reading frame of the Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene was placed under the co...To promote spinosad biosynthesis by improving the limited oxygen supply during high-density fermentation of Saccharopolyspora spinosa, the open reading frame of the Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene was placed under the control of the promoter for the erythromycin resistance gene by splicing using overlapping extension PCR. This was cloned into the integrating vector pSET152, yielding the Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene expression plasmid pSET152EVHB. This was then introduced into S. spinosa SP06081 by conjugal transfer, and integrated into the chromosome by site-specific recombination at the integration site ФC31 on pSET152EVHB. The resultant conjugant, S. spinosa S078-1101, was genetically stable. The integration was further confirmed by PCR and Southern blotting analysis. A carbon monoxide differential spectrum assay showed that active Vitreoscilla hemoglobin was successfully expressed in S. spinosa S078-1101. Fermentation results revealed that expression of the Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene significantly promoted spinosad biosynthesis under normal oxygen and moderately oxygen-limiting conditions （P〈0.01）. These findings demonstrate that integrating expression of the Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene improves oxygen uptake and is an effective means for the genetic improvement of S. spinosa fermentation. Saccharopolyspora spinosa, spinosad, Vitreoscilla hemoglobin, integrating vector, homologous recombination展开更多
目的：建立刺山柑种子中没食子酸和芦丁的含量测定方法。方法采用Phnomenex色谱柱（250 mm ＆#215;4．6 mm ，5μm），以乙腈-2 mL · L -1磷酸溶液为流动相，流速为1．0 mL · min-1，检测波长为254 nm ，梯度洗脱。结果没食...目的：建立刺山柑种子中没食子酸和芦丁的含量测定方法。方法采用Phnomenex色谱柱（250 mm ＆#215;4．6 mm ，5μm），以乙腈-2 mL · L -1磷酸溶液为流动相，流速为1．0 mL · min-1，检测波长为254 nm ，梯度洗脱。结果没食子酸在1.4～14．0μg、芦丁在1.4～28．0μg范围内呈良好的线性关系，没食子酸平均回收率为99．9％，RSD为2．0％；芦丁平均回收率为100．6％， RSD为1．3％。结论 HPLC法测定没食子酸和芦丁的含量，方法简便可行，重复性和分离效果好，可为刺山柑的进一步开发利用及质量控制提供依据。展开更多
We analyzed the advertisement call of Paa spinosa at Yuliang Mountain,Lanxi,Zhejiang Province,in eastern China.Temporal and spectral call parameters were analyzed,along with call intensity.Calls comprised of three to ...We analyzed the advertisement call of Paa spinosa at Yuliang Mountain,Lanxi,Zhejiang Province,in eastern China.Temporal and spectral call parameters were analyzed,along with call intensity.Calls comprised of three to seven notes,the last of which had the longest duration.Three formants(harmonics)were clearly distinguishable from the audio spectrogram.The dominant frequency ranged from 411-1534 Hz,and was either the first or the second formant.The number of notes within a call was positively correlated to air temperature,so that calls contained more notes during the day.Also,the dominant frequency appeared to be lower at the highest temperature.展开更多
The pollen donor and pollinator attractor hypotheses are explanations for the functions of the male flowers of andromonoecious plants. We tested these two hypotheses in the andromonoecious shrub Capparis spinosa L. （...The pollen donor and pollinator attractor hypotheses are explanations for the functions of the male flowers of andromonoecious plants. We tested these two hypotheses in the andromonoecious shrub Capparis spinosa L. （Capparaceae） and confirmed that pollen production and cumulative volume and sugar concentration of nectar do not differ between male and perfect flowers. However, male flowers produced larger anthers, larger pollen grains and smaller ovaries than perfect flowers. Observations on pollinators indicated that two major pollinators （Xylocopa valga Gerst and Proxylocopa sinensis Wu） did not discriminate between flower morphs and that they transferred pollen grains a similar distance. However, there were more seeds per fruit following hand pollination with pollen from male flowers than from perfect flowers. Individuals of C. spinosa with a larger floral display （i.e. bearing more flowers） received more pollen grains on the stigma of perfect flowers. Female reproductive success probably is not limited by pollen. These results indicate that male flowers of C. spinosa save resources for female function and that they primarily serve to attract pollinators as pollen donors.展开更多
Ependymoma is a rare and chemotherapy-resistant brain tumor, which has resulted in a delay in the development of drugs to treat it. A subclass of supratentorial ependymomas (ST-EPN), designated ST-EPN-zinc finger-tran...Ependymoma is a rare and chemotherapy-resistant brain tumor, which has resulted in a delay in the development of drugs to treat it. A subclass of supratentorial ependymomas (ST-EPN), designated ST-EPN-zinc finger-translocation-associated (ZFTA, ST-EPN-ZFTA), exhibits the expression of a fusion protein comprising ZFTA and v-rel reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A (RELA), an effector transcription factor of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway (ZFTA-RELA). The expression of ZFTA-RELA results in the hyperactivation of the oncogenic NF-κB signaling pathway, which ultimately leads to the development of ST-EPN-ZFTA. To identify inhibitors of the NF-κB signaling pathway activated by the expression of ZFTA-RELA, we used a doxycycline-inducible ZFTA-RELA-expressing NF-κB reporter cell line and found that extracts of the fungus Neosartorya spinosa IFM 47025 exhibited NF-κB inhibitory activity. We identified eight compounds [aszonapyrone A (2), sartorypyrone A (3), epiheveadride (4), acetylaszonalenin (5), (R)-benzodiazepinedione (6), aszonalenin (7), sartorypyrone E (8) and (Z, Z)-N,N’-(1,2-bis[(4-methoxyphenyl)methylene]-1,2-ethanediyl)bis-formamide (9)] from N. spinosa IFM 47025 culture extract using a variety of chromatographic techniques. The structures of these compounds were identified through the analysis of various instrumental data (1D, 2D-NMR, MS, and optical rotation). The NF-κB responsive reporter assay indicated that compounds 2, 3, 5, 7, and 9 exhibited inhibitory activity. We further evaluated the inhibitory activity of these compounds against the expression of endogenous NF-κB responsive genes (CCND1, L1CAM, ICAM1, and TNF) and found that compound 2 showed significant inhibitory activity. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanism of action of compound 2, which may serve as a lead compound for the development of a novel therapy for ST-EPN-ZFTA.展开更多
Objective:The column chromatographic fraction of ethyl acetate(EA1,EA2,EA3,EA4 and EA5) leaf extracts of Vangueria spinosa(V.spinosa) were screened for antibacterial activity and phytochemical analysis.Methods:EA3 fra...Objective:The column chromatographic fraction of ethyl acetate(EA1,EA2,EA3,EA4 and EA5) leaf extracts of Vangueria spinosa(V.spinosa) were screened for antibacterial activity and phytochemical analysis.Methods:EA3 fraction was isolated and identified by column chromatography,thin layer chromatography,spectral data analysis and phytochemical screening were used for analysis.Results:EA3 fraction was significantly active at 4 to 64 mg/L against Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with minimum inhibitory concentration of 1.5625 to 3.1250 mg/mL.The active fraction(EA3) revealed the presence of flavonoid with retention factor value(R_f) of 0.39.The active antibacterial agent in the most potent fraction(EA3) was isolated and identified as flavonoid(-)-epicatechin-3-O-β-glucopyranoside by thin layer chromatography(TLC) and phytochemical screening.EA1 and EA2 show inhibitory activity at 4 to 64 mg/L against Staphylococcus aureus only where as fraction EA4 and EA5 do not shows any inhibitory activity within that range of concentration against any bacteria.Conclusions:The results support the ethnomedicinal use of leaf of V.spinosa for the treatment of bacterial diseases.展开更多
The giant spiny frog （Quasipaa spinosa） is an endangered species with a relatively small distribution limited to southern China and Northern Vietnam. This species is becoming increasingly threatened because of over-...The giant spiny frog （Quasipaa spinosa） is an endangered species with a relatively small distribution limited to southern China and Northern Vietnam. This species is becoming increasingly threatened because of over-exploitation and habitat degradation. This study provides data on the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of the giant spiny frog to facilitate the further development of effective conservation recommendations for this economically important but threatened species. We examined 10 species-specific microsatellite loci and Cyt b genes （562 bp） collected from 13 wild populations across the entire range of this species. Results of 10 microsatellite loci analysis showed a generally high level of genetic diversity. Moreover, the genetic differentiation among all 12 populations was moderate to large （overall Fs7= 0.1057）. A total of 51 haplotypes were identified for Cyt b, which suggests high haplotype nucleotide diversities. Phylogeographic and population structure analyses using both DNA markers suggested that the wild giant spiny frog can be divided into four distinct major clades, i.e., Northern Vietnam, Western China, Central China, and Eastern China. The clades with significant genetic divergence are reproductively isolated, as evidenced by a high number of private alleles and strong incidence of failed amplification in microsatellite loci. Our research, coupled with other studies, suggests that Q. spinosa might be a species complex within which no detectable morphological variation has been revealed. The four phylogenetic clades and some subclades with distinct geographical distribution should be regarded as independent management units for conservation purposes.展开更多
Textile dyes are dramatic sources of pollution and non-aesthetic disturbance of aquatic life and therefore represent a potential risk of bioaccumulation that can affect living species.It is imperative to reduce or eli...Textile dyes are dramatic sources of pollution and non-aesthetic disturbance of aquatic life and therefore represent a potential risk of bioaccumulation that can affect living species.It is imperative to reduce or eliminate these dyes from liquid effluents with innovative biomaterials and methods.Therefore,this research aims to highlight the performance of Capparis spinosa L waste-activated carbon(CSLW-AC)adsorbent to remove crystal violet(CV)from an aqueous solution.The mechanism of CV adsorption on CSLW-AC was evaluated based on the coupling of experimental data and different characterization techniques.The efficiency of the CSLW-AC material reflected by the equilibrium adsorption capacity of CV could reach more than 195.671 mg·g^(–1) when 0.5 g·L^(–1) of CSLW-AC(Particle size≤250μm)is introduced into the CV of initial concentration of 100 mg·L^(–1) at pH 6 and temperature 65℃ and in the presence of potassium ions after 60 min of contact time according to the one parameter at a time studies.The adsorption behavior of CV on CSLW-AC was found to be consistent with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Frumkin's linear isothermal model.The thermodynamic aspects indicate that the process is physical,spontaneous,and endothermic.The optimization of the process by the Box Behnken design of experiments resulted in an adsorption capacity approaching 183.544 mg·g^(–1)([CV]=100 mg·L^(–1) and[CSLW-AC]=0.5 g·L^(–1) at 35 min).The results of the Lactuca sativa seeds germination in treated CV(70%),adsorbent solvent and thermal regeneration(more than 5 cycles),and process cost analysis(1.0484 USD·L^(–1))tests are encouraging and promising for future exploitations of the CSLW-AC material in different industrial fields.展开更多
Using ultradry method and accelerated aging, storage behavior of Ziziphus jujuba var spinosa seeds with MC of 15-80 g/kg was studied. The results showed that seeds with MC of 24-80 g/kg could maintain the stabilizatio...Using ultradry method and accelerated aging, storage behavior of Ziziphus jujuba var spinosa seeds with MC of 15-80 g/kg was studied. The results showed that seeds with MC of 24-80 g/kg could maintain the stabilization in germination percentage, vigor, relative conductivity, and enzyme activities; and during the ageing the seed storability increased with the moisture content decreased to 24 g/kg. Thus, it was feasible for the seeds to be stored under the ultra-dried condition.展开更多
AIM: The objective of the present study was to determine the total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, and to evaluate the antioxidant potential of different leaf extracts of Meyna spinosa Roxb. ex Link, a traditio...AIM: The objective of the present study was to determine the total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, and to evaluate the antioxidant potential of different leaf extracts of Meyna spinosa Roxb. ex Link, a traditional medicinal plant of India. METHODS: Free radical scavenging and antioxidant potential of the methanol, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether extracts of Meyna spinosa leaves were investigated using several in vitro and ex vivo assays, including the 2, 2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, superoxide anion scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, nitric oxide radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, metal chelating assay, and reducing power ability method. Total antioxidant activity of the extracts was estimated by the ferric thiocyanate method. Inhibition assay of lipid peroxidation and oxidative hemolysis were also performed to confirm the protective effect of the extracts. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of the extracts were estimated using standard chemical assay procedures. RESULTS: Methanol extracts showed the highest polyphenolic content and possessed the better antioxidant activity than the other two extracts. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents in the methanol extract were (90.08 ± 0.44) mg gallic acid equivalents/g and (58.50 ± 0.09) mg quercetin equivalents/g, respectively. The IC 50 of the methanol extract in the DPPH , superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide radical, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and metal chelating assays were (16.4 ± 0.41), (35.9 ± 0.19), (24.1 ± 0.33), (23.7 ± 0.09), (126.8 ± 2.92), and (117.2 ± 1.01) μg·mL-1 , respectively. The methanol extract showed potent reducing power ability, total antioxidant activity, and significantly inhibit lipid peroxidation and oxidative hemolysis which was similar to that of standards. CONCLUSION: The results indicated a direct correlation between the antioxidant activity and the polyphenolic content of the extracts, which may the foremost contributors to the antiox展开更多
Objective To investigate the apoptosis effect of Total alkaloids on human gastric cancer cells SGC-7901 from Capparis spinosa(C.S)and possible mechanism of it.Methods SGC-7901 cells were treated with different concent...Objective To investigate the apoptosis effect of Total alkaloids on human gastric cancer cells SGC-7901 from Capparis spinosa(C.S)and possible mechanism of it.Methods SGC-7901 cells were treated with different concentrations of the Total alkaloids in CS.MTT assay and SRB assay were used to observe the inhibitory rate of the Total alkaloids,and fluorescence microscope,flow cytometry and used to observe the influence of the Total alkaloids on cell apoptosis and cell cycle changes of SGC-7901.Results The results showed total alkaloids can inhibit the growth of human gastric adenoma cells SGC-7901.Measurements using mononuclear cell direct cytotoxicity assay(the MTT method)shows that its cytotoxic effect on SGC-7901 is strong,with IC50 being 142.895 μg·mL-1,respectively.Results from SRB assay show that the anticancer effect of Total alkaloids is cytostatic at low concentration,with LC50 for this cells being 41.271 μg·mL-1,respectively,but it becomes mainly cytotoxic at high concentration,with GI50 for SGC-7901 being 244·932 μg·mL-1,respectively.Total alkaloids can induce apoptosis in tumor cells.Forty-eight hours after they are treated with total alkaloids of different concentrations,SGC-7901 cells are stained with Hoechst33258 fluorochromes.Observation using a fluorescence microscope reveals that total alkaloids can cause the chromatin in tumor cell nuclei to condense and fragment.The nuclei condense into a uniform,dense mass and then break up.Sprouts keep on forming on the cell membrane and then dropping off,so that the cell breaks up into several apoptotic bodies of different sizes.As total alkaloids concentration is increased,these morphological changes under the microscope become more and more clear,indicating that the proportion of cells undergoing apoptosis is gradually increasing.After treating with 75,150 and 300 μg·mL-1 of the total alkaloids in C.S for 72 h,the apoptotic rates of SGC-7901 cells were 8.7%,14.309%,0.819%.Conclusions Inducing apoptosis is one of the anti-cancer mechanism of total alk展开更多
Hair coloring is widely used by women and men either to change their natural hair color or to delay the onset of gray hair. Oxidative dyes may damage the hair, since chemical and physical procedures are involved to al...Hair coloring is widely used by women and men either to change their natural hair color or to delay the onset of gray hair. Oxidative dyes may damage the hair, since chemical and physical procedures are involved to alter the structure hair and consequently, alterations in its mechanical and of surface properties. One benefit of hair conditioners is to prevent flyaway hair, make the hair “shine”, and protect the hair from further damage. In this research we analyzed the hair protective effect conditioner agents Argania spinosa kernel oil and/or Theobroma grandiflorum seed butter in hair care on Caucasian hair post treatment with hair dye. The hairs were submitted by quantifying protein loss. The samples were classified as: hair untreated (I);hair treated with a commercial oxidative ultra-blond hair dye (II);hair post treatment II and F1: Base hair care formulation (III), hair post treatment II and F2: Base hair care formulation containing 1.0% (w/w) Argania spinosa kernel oil (IV), hair post treatment II and F3: Base hair care formulation containing 1.0% (w/w) Theobroma grandiflorum seed butter (V) and hair post treatment II and F4: Base hair care formulation containing 0.5% (w/w) Argania spinosa kernel oil and 0.5% (w/w) Theobroma grandiflorum seed butter (VI). For the protein loss, the results were: IIA = IIIA > IB = IVB = VB = VIB. Results classified with different letters present statistically significant differents, for α = 5, p ≤ 0.05, n = 6. Based on the results, the incorporation of conditioners agents Argania spinosa kernel oil and/or Theobroma grandiflorum seed butter in base hair care formulation applied in Caucasian hair post treatment with hair dye decreased the damage caused to hair by the coloring process.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the larvicidal and pupicidal activity of spinosad against Anopheles stephensi Listen.Methods:Spinosad from the actinomycete,Saccharopolyspora spinosa was tested against Anopheles stephensi at ...Objective:To investigate the larvicidal and pupicidal activity of spinosad against Anopheles stephensi Listen.Methods:Spinosad from the actinomycete,Saccharopolyspora spinosa was tested against Anopheles stephensi at different concentrations（0.01,0.02,0.04,0.06 and 0.08 ppm.）, and against first to fourth instar larvae and pupae.Results:The larval mortality ranged from 36.1±1.7 in（0.01 ppm） to 79.3±1.8（0.08 ppm） the first instar larva.The LC<sub>50</sub> and LC<sub>90</sub> values of first, second,third and fourth instar larva were 0.001,0.031,0.034,0.036 and 0.0113,0.102,0.111,0.113, respectively.The pupal mortality ranged from 33.0±2.0（0.01 ppm） to 80.0±0.9（0.08 ppm）.The LC<sub>50</sub> and LC<sub>90</sub> values were 0.028 and 0.1020,respectively.The reduction percentage of Anopheles larvae was 82.7%,91.4%and 96.0%after 24,48,72 hours,respectively,while more than 80% reduction was observed after 3 weeks.Conclusions:In the present study spinosad effectively caused mortality of mosquito larvae in both the laboratory and field trial.It is predicted that spinosad is likely to be an effective larvicide for treatment of mosquito breeding sites.展开更多
A field experiment was carried out in arid area to assess the influence of mycorrhizal inoculation with a native complex and bio-compost addition on establishment of Argania spinosa. The experimental area was located ...A field experiment was carried out in arid area to assess the influence of mycorrhizal inoculation with a native complex and bio-compost addition on establishment of Argania spinosa. The experimental area was located in the Admine forest at Agadir (Southwestern Morocco). The results showed a positive effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the growth of Argania spinosa seedlings in the nursery. Six months after planting, the mycorrhizal complex revealed an increase in the growth of Argan seedlings (51%) compared to non mycorrhizal plants. In the field conditions, after one year of transplantation, this benefit was maintained. Results showed that the height of Argan seedlings treated with AMF was double that of the control group. An additional positive effect of inoculation with AMF on plant biomass was observed and it was closely related to colonization by these microorganisms. There was an estimated 169% increase in biomass compared to control plants. The use of bio-compost alone or in combination with AMF improved the production of shoot biomass of Argan plants (84% and 108% respectively compared to control plants). In addition, AMF improved the survival rate and the contents of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the tissues of A. spinosa plants. A significant positive correlation between dry biomass and nutrient content in plant tissue was detected. The content of (P) in the leaves and roots of inoculated plants was higher than those in non-inoculated and planted seedlings in amended soils. This result reaffirms the prime necessity of mycorrhiza in arid conditions. Thus the introduction of mycorrhizal fungi in forest nurseries is a key tool to improve the quality of seedlings produced and their resistance in reforestation sites.展开更多
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant Nos. 2012CB722301 and 2011CB111605)the National High Technology Research and Development Project of China (Grant No. 2011AA10A203)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31070006)
文摘To promote spinosad biosynthesis by improving the limited oxygen supply during high-density fermentation of Saccharopolyspora spinosa, the open reading frame of the Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene was placed under the control of the promoter for the erythromycin resistance gene by splicing using overlapping extension PCR. This was cloned into the integrating vector pSET152, yielding the Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene expression plasmid pSET152EVHB. This was then introduced into S. spinosa SP06081 by conjugal transfer, and integrated into the chromosome by site-specific recombination at the integration site ФC31 on pSET152EVHB. The resultant conjugant, S. spinosa S078-1101, was genetically stable. The integration was further confirmed by PCR and Southern blotting analysis. A carbon monoxide differential spectrum assay showed that active Vitreoscilla hemoglobin was successfully expressed in S. spinosa S078-1101. Fermentation results revealed that expression of the Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene significantly promoted spinosad biosynthesis under normal oxygen and moderately oxygen-limiting conditions （P〈0.01）. These findings demonstrate that integrating expression of the Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene improves oxygen uptake and is an effective means for the genetic improvement of S. spinosa fermentation. Saccharopolyspora spinosa, spinosad, Vitreoscilla hemoglobin, integrating vector, homologous recombination
文摘目的：建立刺山柑种子中没食子酸和芦丁的含量测定方法。方法采用Phnomenex色谱柱（250 mm ＆#215;4．6 mm ，5μm），以乙腈-2 mL · L -1磷酸溶液为流动相，流速为1．0 mL · min-1，检测波长为254 nm ，梯度洗脱。结果没食子酸在1.4～14．0μg、芦丁在1.4～28．0μg范围内呈良好的线性关系，没食子酸平均回收率为99．9％，RSD为2．0％；芦丁平均回收率为100．6％， RSD为1．3％。结论 HPLC法测定没食子酸和芦丁的含量，方法简便可行，重复性和分离效果好，可为刺山柑的进一步开发利用及质量控制提供依据。
基金supported by the Science Technology Commission of Zhejiang Province of China(No.2006C22031)
文摘We analyzed the advertisement call of Paa spinosa at Yuliang Mountain,Lanxi,Zhejiang Province,in eastern China.Temporal and spectral call parameters were analyzed,along with call intensity.Calls comprised of three to seven notes,the last of which had the longest duration.Three formants(harmonics)were clearly distinguishable from the audio spectrogram.The dominant frequency ranged from 411-1534 Hz,and was either the first or the second formant.The number of notes within a call was positively correlated to air temperature,so that calls contained more notes during the day.Also,the dominant frequency appeared to be lower at the highest temperature.
基金Supported by the Projects on the Research and Development of High Technology of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (200810102), China, the Construction of Scientific and Technological Platforms Project from the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology (2005DKA21006 and 2005DKA21403)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (90302004).
文摘The pollen donor and pollinator attractor hypotheses are explanations for the functions of the male flowers of andromonoecious plants. We tested these two hypotheses in the andromonoecious shrub Capparis spinosa L. （Capparaceae） and confirmed that pollen production and cumulative volume and sugar concentration of nectar do not differ between male and perfect flowers. However, male flowers produced larger anthers, larger pollen grains and smaller ovaries than perfect flowers. Observations on pollinators indicated that two major pollinators （Xylocopa valga Gerst and Proxylocopa sinensis Wu） did not discriminate between flower morphs and that they transferred pollen grains a similar distance. However, there were more seeds per fruit following hand pollination with pollen from male flowers than from perfect flowers. Individuals of C. spinosa with a larger floral display （i.e. bearing more flowers） received more pollen grains on the stigma of perfect flowers. Female reproductive success probably is not limited by pollen. These results indicate that male flowers of C. spinosa save resources for female function and that they primarily serve to attract pollinators as pollen donors.
文摘Ependymoma is a rare and chemotherapy-resistant brain tumor, which has resulted in a delay in the development of drugs to treat it. A subclass of supratentorial ependymomas (ST-EPN), designated ST-EPN-zinc finger-translocation-associated (ZFTA, ST-EPN-ZFTA), exhibits the expression of a fusion protein comprising ZFTA and v-rel reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A (RELA), an effector transcription factor of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway (ZFTA-RELA). The expression of ZFTA-RELA results in the hyperactivation of the oncogenic NF-κB signaling pathway, which ultimately leads to the development of ST-EPN-ZFTA. To identify inhibitors of the NF-κB signaling pathway activated by the expression of ZFTA-RELA, we used a doxycycline-inducible ZFTA-RELA-expressing NF-κB reporter cell line and found that extracts of the fungus Neosartorya spinosa IFM 47025 exhibited NF-κB inhibitory activity. We identified eight compounds [aszonapyrone A (2), sartorypyrone A (3), epiheveadride (4), acetylaszonalenin (5), (R)-benzodiazepinedione (6), aszonalenin (7), sartorypyrone E (8) and (Z, Z)-N,N’-(1,2-bis[(4-methoxyphenyl)methylene]-1,2-ethanediyl)bis-formamide (9)] from N. spinosa IFM 47025 culture extract using a variety of chromatographic techniques. The structures of these compounds were identified through the analysis of various instrumental data (1D, 2D-NMR, MS, and optical rotation). The NF-κB responsive reporter assay indicated that compounds 2, 3, 5, 7, and 9 exhibited inhibitory activity. We further evaluated the inhibitory activity of these compounds against the expression of endogenous NF-κB responsive genes (CCND1, L1CAM, ICAM1, and TNF) and found that compound 2 showed significant inhibitory activity. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanism of action of compound 2, which may serve as a lead compound for the development of a novel therapy for ST-EPN-ZFTA.
文摘Objective:The column chromatographic fraction of ethyl acetate(EA1,EA2,EA3,EA4 and EA5) leaf extracts of Vangueria spinosa(V.spinosa) were screened for antibacterial activity and phytochemical analysis.Methods:EA3 fraction was isolated and identified by column chromatography,thin layer chromatography,spectral data analysis and phytochemical screening were used for analysis.Results:EA3 fraction was significantly active at 4 to 64 mg/L against Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with minimum inhibitory concentration of 1.5625 to 3.1250 mg/mL.The active fraction(EA3) revealed the presence of flavonoid with retention factor value(R_f) of 0.39.The active antibacterial agent in the most potent fraction(EA3) was isolated and identified as flavonoid(-)-epicatechin-3-O-β-glucopyranoside by thin layer chromatography(TLC) and phytochemical screening.EA1 and EA2 show inhibitory activity at 4 to 64 mg/L against Staphylococcus aureus only where as fraction EA4 and EA5 do not shows any inhibitory activity within that range of concentration against any bacteria.Conclusions:The results support the ethnomedicinal use of leaf of V.spinosa for the treatment of bacterial diseases.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(No.31172116 and No.31472015)the Major Science and Technology Specific Projects of Zhejiang Province of China(No.2010C12008)+2 种基金the project of the Science Technology Commission of Zhejiang Province of China(No.2011C22006)the Found for the science and technology innovation team of Zhejiang Province of China(No.2012R10026-07)the Key Program of the Twelfth Five Year New Aquatic Varieties Breeding Cooperation of Zhejiang Province of China(2012C12907-9)
文摘The giant spiny frog （Quasipaa spinosa） is an endangered species with a relatively small distribution limited to southern China and Northern Vietnam. This species is becoming increasingly threatened because of over-exploitation and habitat degradation. This study provides data on the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of the giant spiny frog to facilitate the further development of effective conservation recommendations for this economically important but threatened species. We examined 10 species-specific microsatellite loci and Cyt b genes （562 bp） collected from 13 wild populations across the entire range of this species. Results of 10 microsatellite loci analysis showed a generally high level of genetic diversity. Moreover, the genetic differentiation among all 12 populations was moderate to large （overall Fs7= 0.1057）. A total of 51 haplotypes were identified for Cyt b, which suggests high haplotype nucleotide diversities. Phylogeographic and population structure analyses using both DNA markers suggested that the wild giant spiny frog can be divided into four distinct major clades, i.e., Northern Vietnam, Western China, Central China, and Eastern China. The clades with significant genetic divergence are reproductively isolated, as evidenced by a high number of private alleles and strong incidence of failed amplification in microsatellite loci. Our research, coupled with other studies, suggests that Q. spinosa might be a species complex within which no detectable morphological variation has been revealed. The four phylogenetic clades and some subclades with distinct geographical distribution should be regarded as independent management units for conservation purposes.
文摘Textile dyes are dramatic sources of pollution and non-aesthetic disturbance of aquatic life and therefore represent a potential risk of bioaccumulation that can affect living species.It is imperative to reduce or eliminate these dyes from liquid effluents with innovative biomaterials and methods.Therefore,this research aims to highlight the performance of Capparis spinosa L waste-activated carbon(CSLW-AC)adsorbent to remove crystal violet(CV)from an aqueous solution.The mechanism of CV adsorption on CSLW-AC was evaluated based on the coupling of experimental data and different characterization techniques.The efficiency of the CSLW-AC material reflected by the equilibrium adsorption capacity of CV could reach more than 195.671 mg·g^(–1) when 0.5 g·L^(–1) of CSLW-AC(Particle size≤250μm)is introduced into the CV of initial concentration of 100 mg·L^(–1) at pH 6 and temperature 65℃ and in the presence of potassium ions after 60 min of contact time according to the one parameter at a time studies.The adsorption behavior of CV on CSLW-AC was found to be consistent with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Frumkin's linear isothermal model.The thermodynamic aspects indicate that the process is physical,spontaneous,and endothermic.The optimization of the process by the Box Behnken design of experiments resulted in an adsorption capacity approaching 183.544 mg·g^(–1)([CV]=100 mg·L^(–1) and[CSLW-AC]=0.5 g·L^(–1) at 35 min).The results of the Lactuca sativa seeds germination in treated CV(70%),adsorbent solvent and thermal regeneration(more than 5 cycles),and process cost analysis(1.0484 USD·L^(–1))tests are encouraging and promising for future exploitations of the CSLW-AC material in different industrial fields.
基金foundation projects and is supported by the National Key Project of Scientific and Technical Supporting Programs of China ( No.2006BAD09B06 and 2006BAD03A0308)the "948" Program of the Ministry of Water Resources of China( No. 200207)
文摘Using ultradry method and accelerated aging, storage behavior of Ziziphus jujuba var spinosa seeds with MC of 15-80 g/kg was studied. The results showed that seeds with MC of 24-80 g/kg could maintain the stabilization in germination percentage, vigor, relative conductivity, and enzyme activities; and during the ageing the seed storability increased with the moisture content decreased to 24 g/kg. Thus, it was feasible for the seeds to be stored under the ultra-dried condition.
文摘AIM: The objective of the present study was to determine the total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, and to evaluate the antioxidant potential of different leaf extracts of Meyna spinosa Roxb. ex Link, a traditional medicinal plant of India. METHODS: Free radical scavenging and antioxidant potential of the methanol, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether extracts of Meyna spinosa leaves were investigated using several in vitro and ex vivo assays, including the 2, 2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, superoxide anion scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, nitric oxide radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, metal chelating assay, and reducing power ability method. Total antioxidant activity of the extracts was estimated by the ferric thiocyanate method. Inhibition assay of lipid peroxidation and oxidative hemolysis were also performed to confirm the protective effect of the extracts. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of the extracts were estimated using standard chemical assay procedures. RESULTS: Methanol extracts showed the highest polyphenolic content and possessed the better antioxidant activity than the other two extracts. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents in the methanol extract were (90.08 ± 0.44) mg gallic acid equivalents/g and (58.50 ± 0.09) mg quercetin equivalents/g, respectively. The IC 50 of the methanol extract in the DPPH , superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide radical, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and metal chelating assays were (16.4 ± 0.41), (35.9 ± 0.19), (24.1 ± 0.33), (23.7 ± 0.09), (126.8 ± 2.92), and (117.2 ± 1.01) μg·mL-1 , respectively. The methanol extract showed potent reducing power ability, total antioxidant activity, and significantly inhibit lipid peroxidation and oxidative hemolysis which was similar to that of standards. CONCLUSION: The results indicated a direct correlation between the antioxidant activity and the polyphenolic content of the extracts, which may the foremost contributors to the antiox
文摘Objective To investigate the apoptosis effect of Total alkaloids on human gastric cancer cells SGC-7901 from Capparis spinosa(C.S)and possible mechanism of it.Methods SGC-7901 cells were treated with different concentrations of the Total alkaloids in CS.MTT assay and SRB assay were used to observe the inhibitory rate of the Total alkaloids,and fluorescence microscope,flow cytometry and used to observe the influence of the Total alkaloids on cell apoptosis and cell cycle changes of SGC-7901.Results The results showed total alkaloids can inhibit the growth of human gastric adenoma cells SGC-7901.Measurements using mononuclear cell direct cytotoxicity assay(the MTT method)shows that its cytotoxic effect on SGC-7901 is strong,with IC50 being 142.895 μg·mL-1,respectively.Results from SRB assay show that the anticancer effect of Total alkaloids is cytostatic at low concentration,with LC50 for this cells being 41.271 μg·mL-1,respectively,but it becomes mainly cytotoxic at high concentration,with GI50 for SGC-7901 being 244·932 μg·mL-1,respectively.Total alkaloids can induce apoptosis in tumor cells.Forty-eight hours after they are treated with total alkaloids of different concentrations,SGC-7901 cells are stained with Hoechst33258 fluorochromes.Observation using a fluorescence microscope reveals that total alkaloids can cause the chromatin in tumor cell nuclei to condense and fragment.The nuclei condense into a uniform,dense mass and then break up.Sprouts keep on forming on the cell membrane and then dropping off,so that the cell breaks up into several apoptotic bodies of different sizes.As total alkaloids concentration is increased,these morphological changes under the microscope become more and more clear,indicating that the proportion of cells undergoing apoptosis is gradually increasing.After treating with 75,150 and 300 μg·mL-1 of the total alkaloids in C.S for 72 h,the apoptotic rates of SGC-7901 cells were 8.7%,14.309%,0.819%.Conclusions Inducing apoptosis is one of the anti-cancer mechanism of total alk
文摘Hair coloring is widely used by women and men either to change their natural hair color or to delay the onset of gray hair. Oxidative dyes may damage the hair, since chemical and physical procedures are involved to alter the structure hair and consequently, alterations in its mechanical and of surface properties. One benefit of hair conditioners is to prevent flyaway hair, make the hair “shine”, and protect the hair from further damage. In this research we analyzed the hair protective effect conditioner agents Argania spinosa kernel oil and/or Theobroma grandiflorum seed butter in hair care on Caucasian hair post treatment with hair dye. The hairs were submitted by quantifying protein loss. The samples were classified as: hair untreated (I);hair treated with a commercial oxidative ultra-blond hair dye (II);hair post treatment II and F1: Base hair care formulation (III), hair post treatment II and F2: Base hair care formulation containing 1.0% (w/w) Argania spinosa kernel oil (IV), hair post treatment II and F3: Base hair care formulation containing 1.0% (w/w) Theobroma grandiflorum seed butter (V) and hair post treatment II and F4: Base hair care formulation containing 0.5% (w/w) Argania spinosa kernel oil and 0.5% (w/w) Theobroma grandiflorum seed butter (VI). For the protein loss, the results were: IIA = IIIA > IB = IVB = VB = VIB. Results classified with different letters present statistically significant differents, for α = 5, p ≤ 0.05, n = 6. Based on the results, the incorporation of conditioners agents Argania spinosa kernel oil and/or Theobroma grandiflorum seed butter in base hair care formulation applied in Caucasian hair post treatment with hair dye decreased the damage caused to hair by the coloring process.
文摘Objective:To investigate the larvicidal and pupicidal activity of spinosad against Anopheles stephensi Listen.Methods:Spinosad from the actinomycete,Saccharopolyspora spinosa was tested against Anopheles stephensi at different concentrations（0.01,0.02,0.04,0.06 and 0.08 ppm.）, and against first to fourth instar larvae and pupae.Results:The larval mortality ranged from 36.1±1.7 in（0.01 ppm） to 79.3±1.8（0.08 ppm） the first instar larva.The LC<sub>50</sub> and LC<sub>90</sub> values of first, second,third and fourth instar larva were 0.001,0.031,0.034,0.036 and 0.0113,0.102,0.111,0.113, respectively.The pupal mortality ranged from 33.0±2.0（0.01 ppm） to 80.0±0.9（0.08 ppm）.The LC<sub>50</sub> and LC<sub>90</sub> values were 0.028 and 0.1020,respectively.The reduction percentage of Anopheles larvae was 82.7%,91.4%and 96.0%after 24,48,72 hours,respectively,while more than 80% reduction was observed after 3 weeks.Conclusions:In the present study spinosad effectively caused mortality of mosquito larvae in both the laboratory and field trial.It is predicted that spinosad is likely to be an effective larvicide for treatment of mosquito breeding sites.
文摘A field experiment was carried out in arid area to assess the influence of mycorrhizal inoculation with a native complex and bio-compost addition on establishment of Argania spinosa. The experimental area was located in the Admine forest at Agadir (Southwestern Morocco). The results showed a positive effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the growth of Argania spinosa seedlings in the nursery. Six months after planting, the mycorrhizal complex revealed an increase in the growth of Argan seedlings (51%) compared to non mycorrhizal plants. In the field conditions, after one year of transplantation, this benefit was maintained. Results showed that the height of Argan seedlings treated with AMF was double that of the control group. An additional positive effect of inoculation with AMF on plant biomass was observed and it was closely related to colonization by these microorganisms. There was an estimated 169% increase in biomass compared to control plants. The use of bio-compost alone or in combination with AMF improved the production of shoot biomass of Argan plants (84% and 108% respectively compared to control plants). In addition, AMF improved the survival rate and the contents of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the tissues of A. spinosa plants. A significant positive correlation between dry biomass and nutrient content in plant tissue was detected. The content of (P) in the leaves and roots of inoculated plants was higher than those in non-inoculated and planted seedlings in amended soils. This result reaffirms the prime necessity of mycorrhiza in arid conditions. Thus the introduction of mycorrhizal fungi in forest nurseries is a key tool to improve the quality of seedlings produced and their resistance in reforestation sites.
