This paper proposes and illustrates a methodology to predict the fraction of time motor vehicles spend in different operating conditions from readily observable variables called emission specific characteristics （ESC...This paper proposes and illustrates a methodology to predict the fraction of time motor vehicles spend in different operating conditions from readily observable variables called emission specific characteristics （ESC）. ESC describe salient characteristics of vehicles, roadway geometry, the roadside environment, traffic, and driving style （aggressive, normal, and calm）. The information generated by our methodology can then be entered in vehicular emission models that rely on vehicle specific power, i.e., comprehensive modal emissions model （CMEM）, international vehicle emissions （IVE）, or motor vehicle emission simulator （MOVES） to compute energy consumption and vehicular emissions for various air pollutants. After generating second-by-second vehicle trajectories from a calibrated micro-simulation model, the authors estimated structural equation models to examine the influence of link ESC on vehicle operation. Authors＇ results show that 67% of the link speed variance is explained by ESC. Overall, the roadway geometry exerts a greater influence on link speed than traffic characteristics, the roadside environment, and driving style. Moreover, the speed limit has the strongest influence on vehicle operation, followed by facility type and driving style. Better understanding the impact on vehicle operation of ESC could help metropolitan planning organizations （MPOs） and regional transportation au- thorities predict vehicle operations and reduce the environmental footprint of motor vehicles.展开更多
目的探讨不同剂量轻比重丁哌卡因蛛网膜下腔麻醉在高龄患者髋关节骨折手术中的应用效果。方法选取60例行髋关节骨折手术的高龄患者,随机分成A组、B组、C组,每组20例。3组患者分别采用1.4 mL 0.25%轻比重丁哌卡因、1.8 mL 0.25%轻比重丁...目的探讨不同剂量轻比重丁哌卡因蛛网膜下腔麻醉在高龄患者髋关节骨折手术中的应用效果。方法选取60例行髋关节骨折手术的高龄患者,随机分成A组、B组、C组,每组20例。3组患者分别采用1.4 mL 0.25%轻比重丁哌卡因、1.8 mL 0.25%轻比重丁哌卡因、2.2 mL 0.25%轻比重丁哌卡因进行蛛网膜下腔麻醉。比较3组患者的感觉神经及运动神经阻滞起效时间、持续时间,以及麻醉后15 min手术侧单侧阻滞发生率、术中追加局麻药的比例及给药后48 h内不良反应发生情况。结果 3组患者感觉神经阻滞起效时间、运动神经阻滞起效时间及麻醉后15 min术侧单侧阻滞发生率差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05),而3组患者感觉神经阻滞持续时间和运动神经阻滞持续时间均为C组>B组>A组(均P<0.05)。A组术中追加硬膜外麻醉药的比例均高于B组与C组(均P<0.05),而B组与C组之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);C组术中低血压发生率高于B组(P<0.05),而A组与B组之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);3组患者均无寒战和术后头痛发生,且心动过缓、恶心呕吐及术后腰背痛发生率均无统计学差异(均P>0.05)。结论在高龄患者髋关节骨折手术中采用1.8 mL 0.25%轻比重丁哌卡因腰麻液进行蛛网膜下腔麻醉,可获得满意的麻醉效果,保持血流动力学稳定,且不良反应少。展开更多
目的探讨专科手术带教方式在手术室实习护生中的应用方法及效果。方法便利抽样法选择2014年4月至2015年4月在上海市第六人民医院手术室实习的96名护生为研究对象,采取手术室专科手术带教方式进行带教,评价并比较护生专科手术带教前后的...目的探讨专科手术带教方式在手术室实习护生中的应用方法及效果。方法便利抽样法选择2014年4月至2015年4月在上海市第六人民医院手术室实习的96名护生为研究对象,采取手术室专科手术带教方式进行带教,评价并比较护生专科手术带教前后的理论、操作考核成绩及症状自评量表(symptom check list 90,SCL-90)评分。结果专科手术带教后,护生的理论、操作考核成绩均高于带教前,SCL-90评分低于带教前,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论专科手术带教方式在手术室实习护生中的应用有利于提高实习护生的学习效果,减轻其心理压力。展开更多
基金the Ford Foundation International Fellowship Program that provided support
文摘This paper proposes and illustrates a methodology to predict the fraction of time motor vehicles spend in different operating conditions from readily observable variables called emission specific characteristics （ESC）. ESC describe salient characteristics of vehicles, roadway geometry, the roadside environment, traffic, and driving style （aggressive, normal, and calm）. The information generated by our methodology can then be entered in vehicular emission models that rely on vehicle specific power, i.e., comprehensive modal emissions model （CMEM）, international vehicle emissions （IVE）, or motor vehicle emission simulator （MOVES） to compute energy consumption and vehicular emissions for various air pollutants. After generating second-by-second vehicle trajectories from a calibrated micro-simulation model, the authors estimated structural equation models to examine the influence of link ESC on vehicle operation. Authors＇ results show that 67% of the link speed variance is explained by ESC. Overall, the roadway geometry exerts a greater influence on link speed than traffic characteristics, the roadside environment, and driving style. Moreover, the speed limit has the strongest influence on vehicle operation, followed by facility type and driving style. Better understanding the impact on vehicle operation of ESC could help metropolitan planning organizations （MPOs） and regional transportation au- thorities predict vehicle operations and reduce the environmental footprint of motor vehicles.
文摘目的探讨不同剂量轻比重丁哌卡因蛛网膜下腔麻醉在高龄患者髋关节骨折手术中的应用效果。方法选取60例行髋关节骨折手术的高龄患者,随机分成A组、B组、C组,每组20例。3组患者分别采用1.4 mL 0.25%轻比重丁哌卡因、1.8 mL 0.25%轻比重丁哌卡因、2.2 mL 0.25%轻比重丁哌卡因进行蛛网膜下腔麻醉。比较3组患者的感觉神经及运动神经阻滞起效时间、持续时间,以及麻醉后15 min手术侧单侧阻滞发生率、术中追加局麻药的比例及给药后48 h内不良反应发生情况。结果 3组患者感觉神经阻滞起效时间、运动神经阻滞起效时间及麻醉后15 min术侧单侧阻滞发生率差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05),而3组患者感觉神经阻滞持续时间和运动神经阻滞持续时间均为C组>B组>A组(均P<0.05)。A组术中追加硬膜外麻醉药的比例均高于B组与C组(均P<0.05),而B组与C组之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);C组术中低血压发生率高于B组(P<0.05),而A组与B组之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);3组患者均无寒战和术后头痛发生,且心动过缓、恶心呕吐及术后腰背痛发生率均无统计学差异(均P>0.05)。结论在高龄患者髋关节骨折手术中采用1.8 mL 0.25%轻比重丁哌卡因腰麻液进行蛛网膜下腔麻醉,可获得满意的麻醉效果,保持血流动力学稳定,且不良反应少。
文摘目的探讨专科手术带教方式在手术室实习护生中的应用方法及效果。方法便利抽样法选择2014年4月至2015年4月在上海市第六人民医院手术室实习的96名护生为研究对象,采取手术室专科手术带教方式进行带教,评价并比较护生专科手术带教前后的理论、操作考核成绩及症状自评量表(symptom check list 90,SCL-90)评分。结果专科手术带教后,护生的理论、操作考核成绩均高于带教前,SCL-90评分低于带教前,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论专科手术带教方式在手术室实习护生中的应用有利于提高实习护生的学习效果,减轻其心理压力。
