Background: China has a long tradition of managing planted forests. Different species of Populus, Eucalyptus, Larix, Cunninghamia and Pinus are planted to satisfy the local demand for wood products and provide ecologi...Background: China has a long tradition of managing planted forests. Different species of Populus, Eucalyptus, Larix, Cunninghamia and Pinus are planted to satisfy the local demand for wood products and provide ecological services at the same time. Evidence of the greater resilience of natural forests provides the motivation to develop asymmetric planting patterns, which is the focus of this study. We present a new method for designing plantation patterns that follow those observed in natural ecosystems and to maintain some regularity for operational convenience. Methods: Based on the uniform angle index, we analyzed the spatial structure of six natural forests in different regions of China. The uniform angle index describes the degree of spatial uniformity of the n nearest neighbors of a given reference tree. Accordingly, we identified all possible patterns of a neighborhood group within a regular planting pattern and developed a method to optimize planting point arrangements that contain some randomness as well as a minimum degree of regularity. Results:(1) There are 13 types of structural units in a regular planting, including seven random units, five even units and one cluster unit;(2) Five near-natural arrangements are presented with a minimum proportion of 50% of random units. These five arrangements represent a combination of regularity for operational convenience and asymmetry. Conclusions: The new planting patterns developed in this study are expected to increase the asymmetric competition and resilience of these important ecosystems. Some experimental plantings, based on our findings, have already been established, e.g., in Pinus tabulaeformis plantations in Tianshui, Gansu Province, and in a Populus deltoides plantation in Fangshan near Beijing.展开更多
为了提高反最近邻问题的查询效率,首先给出了空间数据的最小包围正方形定义和空间数据矩形的4种序的定义.依据这些定义,提出了一种新的空间数据索引结构——基于最小包围正方形和最近邻距离的索引树(index tree based on the minimum bo...为了提高反最近邻问题的查询效率,首先给出了空间数据的最小包围正方形定义和空间数据矩形的4种序的定义.依据这些定义,提出了一种新的空间数据索引结构——基于最小包围正方形和最近邻距离的索引树(index tree based on the minimum bounding square and the distance of nearest neighbor,MBDNN-tree),该索引结构运用了R-树中分割空间数据的思想,将数据点用其基于最近邻距离的最小包围正方形表示,记为MBSD(minimum bounding square based on nearest neighbor distance),利用多种序关系对原始点集进行划分,从上至下、从左至右地按照结点几何分布以及对应的序关系构造树的各层结点.对建立MBDNN-树所需要的预处理过程以及构造过程的算法进行了详细描述和证明分析,给出了MBDNN-树的性质.在此基础上,给出了MBDNN-树进行反最近邻查询的剪枝规则,进而给出了MBDNN-树进行反最近邻查询的算法及其算法分析.反最近邻查询算法利用了MBDNN-树中同层结点之间的几何有序性,有效地减少了结点的访问数量,从而提高了查询效率.最后对基于此结构的反最近邻查询算法进行实验分析.实验表明:基于MBDNN-树的反最近邻查询算法的查询性能有较大的提高.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0600203)
文摘Background: China has a long tradition of managing planted forests. Different species of Populus, Eucalyptus, Larix, Cunninghamia and Pinus are planted to satisfy the local demand for wood products and provide ecological services at the same time. Evidence of the greater resilience of natural forests provides the motivation to develop asymmetric planting patterns, which is the focus of this study. We present a new method for designing plantation patterns that follow those observed in natural ecosystems and to maintain some regularity for operational convenience. Methods: Based on the uniform angle index, we analyzed the spatial structure of six natural forests in different regions of China. The uniform angle index describes the degree of spatial uniformity of the n nearest neighbors of a given reference tree. Accordingly, we identified all possible patterns of a neighborhood group within a regular planting pattern and developed a method to optimize planting point arrangements that contain some randomness as well as a minimum degree of regularity. Results:(1) There are 13 types of structural units in a regular planting, including seven random units, five even units and one cluster unit;(2) Five near-natural arrangements are presented with a minimum proportion of 50% of random units. These five arrangements represent a combination of regularity for operational convenience and asymmetry. Conclusions: The new planting patterns developed in this study are expected to increase the asymmetric competition and resilience of these important ecosystems. Some experimental plantings, based on our findings, have already been established, e.g., in Pinus tabulaeformis plantations in Tianshui, Gansu Province, and in a Populus deltoides plantation in Fangshan near Beijing.
文摘为了提高反最近邻问题的查询效率,首先给出了空间数据的最小包围正方形定义和空间数据矩形的4种序的定义.依据这些定义,提出了一种新的空间数据索引结构——基于最小包围正方形和最近邻距离的索引树(index tree based on the minimum bounding square and the distance of nearest neighbor,MBDNN-tree),该索引结构运用了R-树中分割空间数据的思想,将数据点用其基于最近邻距离的最小包围正方形表示,记为MBSD(minimum bounding square based on nearest neighbor distance),利用多种序关系对原始点集进行划分,从上至下、从左至右地按照结点几何分布以及对应的序关系构造树的各层结点.对建立MBDNN-树所需要的预处理过程以及构造过程的算法进行了详细描述和证明分析,给出了MBDNN-树的性质.在此基础上,给出了MBDNN-树进行反最近邻查询的剪枝规则,进而给出了MBDNN-树进行反最近邻查询的算法及其算法分析.反最近邻查询算法利用了MBDNN-树中同层结点之间的几何有序性,有效地减少了结点的访问数量,从而提高了查询效率.最后对基于此结构的反最近邻查询算法进行实验分析.实验表明:基于MBDNN-树的反最近邻查询算法的查询性能有较大的提高.
