为探明降雨条件下黄土急陡坡坡面薄层水流水力学特性,采用室内模拟降雨的方法,研究了6个坡度(25°、30°、35°、40°、45°和50°)和3个雨强(1.0 mm min^(-1)、1.5 mm min^(-1)和2.0 mm min^(-1))组合条件下...为探明降雨条件下黄土急陡坡坡面薄层水流水力学特性,采用室内模拟降雨的方法,研究了6个坡度(25°、30°、35°、40°、45°和50°)和3个雨强(1.0 mm min^(-1)、1.5 mm min^(-1)和2.0 mm min^(-1))组合条件下坡面薄层水流水力学参数的变化规律。结果表明:(1)坡度相同时,流速随雨强的增加而增大;雨强相同时,坡度对薄层水流流速的影响存在临界效应(40°~45°),小于临界坡度,流速随坡度的增加而增大,大于临界坡度,流速随坡度增加而减小。(2)各坡度条件下,坡面薄层水流的平均径流水深随降雨强度增加呈平稳增长趋势;相同雨强时,径流深随坡度的增大有减小趋势。(3)黄土急陡坡坡面雷诺数(Re)整体较小(远小于580),试验条件下坡面薄层径流属于层流且水流处于层流中的失稳区;弗劳德数(Fr)大于0.8,薄层水流属于急流。(4)阻力系数(f)随着降雨强度增加而增大,随着坡度的增加而减小。(5)方差分析结果显示,雨强、坡度及二者交互作用对急陡坡坡面薄层水流水力学参数均有显著影响(p<0.01),但流速、弗劳德数和阻力系数的变化主要受坡度控制,而径流深和雷诺数的变化主要受雨强控制。展开更多
Rainfall intensity and slope gradient are two of the most important factors affecting the variations of runoff nitrogen(N).However,the effects of slope gradient and rainfall intensity on N loss via surface flow and in...Rainfall intensity and slope gradient are two of the most important factors affecting the variations of runoff nitrogen(N).However,the effects of slope gradient and rainfall intensity on N loss via surface flow and interflow on weathered granite slopes are poorly understood.In this study,12 artificial rainfalls(three rainfall intensities and four slope gradients)were simulated to investigate the coupling loss characteristics of surface flow–interflow–total nitrogen(TN),nitrate nitrogen(NO_3^--N)and ammonia nitrogen(NH_4^+-N)on weathered granite slopes.The results show that slope gradient has a greater impact on the surface flow when the rainfall intensity is relatively large.The effect gradually weakens with the decrement of rainfall intensity.The interflow yield increases firstly with the prolongation of rainfall duration,then tends to be stable and finally decreases.The total surface flow percentage increases with rainfall intensity while it decreases with increasing slope gradient with a range of 10.88%-71.47%.The TN loss concentration of the surface flow continually decreases with rainfall duration while that of the interflow shows different fluctuations.However,the TN loss loads of both surface flow and interflow increase with increasing rainfall intensity and slope gradient.The NO_3^--N concentration of interflow is much higher than that of the surface flow.The NH_4^+-N concentration is always less than that of NO_3^--N with no significant difference between surface flow and interflow.The percentages of the TN,NO_3^--N,and NH_4^+-N total loss load and concentration of surface flow and interflow were analyzed.The results show that N loss via both surface flow and interflow occurs mainly in the form of NO_3^--N.Most of the N loss is caused by interflow which is the preferential path of runoff nutrient loss.These findings provide data support and underlying insights for the control of runoff and N loss on the weathered granite slopes.展开更多
The effects of hydrostatic pressure, dissolved oxygen, temperature and flow velocity, and their interaction on the corrosion rates of E690 high-strength steel (HSS) in simulated marine environments were studied using ...The effects of hydrostatic pressure, dissolved oxygen, temperature and flow velocity, and their interaction on the corrosion rates of E690 high-strength steel (HSS) in simulated marine environments were studied using response surface methodology. The results show that the flow velocity exerts the most significant influence on the corrosion rate of E690 HSS. Consequently, the corrosion behavior of E690 HSS under varying flow velocities were analyzed profoundly from initial pitting corrosion to long-term corrosion properties. The results indicate that the flow state facilitates the mass transfer and enhances the adsorption tendency of Cl− by enhancing the electrochemical activity of the steel surface. These factors accelerate the electrochemical reactions, resulting in increased pitting density, depth and the long-term corrosion rates in dynamic seawater environments.展开更多
文摘为探明降雨条件下黄土急陡坡坡面薄层水流水力学特性,采用室内模拟降雨的方法,研究了6个坡度(25°、30°、35°、40°、45°和50°)和3个雨强(1.0 mm min^(-1)、1.5 mm min^(-1)和2.0 mm min^(-1))组合条件下坡面薄层水流水力学参数的变化规律。结果表明:(1)坡度相同时,流速随雨强的增加而增大;雨强相同时,坡度对薄层水流流速的影响存在临界效应(40°~45°),小于临界坡度,流速随坡度的增加而增大,大于临界坡度,流速随坡度增加而减小。(2)各坡度条件下,坡面薄层水流的平均径流水深随降雨强度增加呈平稳增长趋势;相同雨强时,径流深随坡度的增大有减小趋势。(3)黄土急陡坡坡面雷诺数(Re)整体较小(远小于580),试验条件下坡面薄层径流属于层流且水流处于层流中的失稳区;弗劳德数(Fr)大于0.8,薄层水流属于急流。(4)阻力系数(f)随着降雨强度增加而增大,随着坡度的增加而减小。(5)方差分析结果显示,雨强、坡度及二者交互作用对急陡坡坡面薄层水流水力学参数均有显著影响(p<0.01),但流速、弗劳德数和阻力系数的变化主要受坡度控制,而径流深和雷诺数的变化主要受雨强控制。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (4187706541471221)
文摘Rainfall intensity and slope gradient are two of the most important factors affecting the variations of runoff nitrogen(N).However,the effects of slope gradient and rainfall intensity on N loss via surface flow and interflow on weathered granite slopes are poorly understood.In this study,12 artificial rainfalls(three rainfall intensities and four slope gradients)were simulated to investigate the coupling loss characteristics of surface flow–interflow–total nitrogen(TN),nitrate nitrogen(NO_3^--N)and ammonia nitrogen(NH_4^+-N)on weathered granite slopes.The results show that slope gradient has a greater impact on the surface flow when the rainfall intensity is relatively large.The effect gradually weakens with the decrement of rainfall intensity.The interflow yield increases firstly with the prolongation of rainfall duration,then tends to be stable and finally decreases.The total surface flow percentage increases with rainfall intensity while it decreases with increasing slope gradient with a range of 10.88%-71.47%.The TN loss concentration of the surface flow continually decreases with rainfall duration while that of the interflow shows different fluctuations.However,the TN loss loads of both surface flow and interflow increase with increasing rainfall intensity and slope gradient.The NO_3^--N concentration of interflow is much higher than that of the surface flow.The NH_4^+-N concentration is always less than that of NO_3^--N with no significant difference between surface flow and interflow.The percentages of the TN,NO_3^--N,and NH_4^+-N total loss load and concentration of surface flow and interflow were analyzed.The results show that N loss via both surface flow and interflow occurs mainly in the form of NO_3^--N.Most of the N loss is caused by interflow which is the preferential path of runoff nutrient loss.These findings provide data support and underlying insights for the control of runoff and N loss on the weathered granite slopes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U20A20279 and 51601137)the Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Systems Science in Metallurgical Process(No.Y202207).
文摘The effects of hydrostatic pressure, dissolved oxygen, temperature and flow velocity, and their interaction on the corrosion rates of E690 high-strength steel (HSS) in simulated marine environments were studied using response surface methodology. The results show that the flow velocity exerts the most significant influence on the corrosion rate of E690 HSS. Consequently, the corrosion behavior of E690 HSS under varying flow velocities were analyzed profoundly from initial pitting corrosion to long-term corrosion properties. The results indicate that the flow state facilitates the mass transfer and enhances the adsorption tendency of Cl− by enhancing the electrochemical activity of the steel surface. These factors accelerate the electrochemical reactions, resulting in increased pitting density, depth and the long-term corrosion rates in dynamic seawater environments.
