在中美贸易冲突的背景下,美国为首的发达国家以立法形式限制关键核心技术向我国出口,美国出台的《商业管制清单》等文件包含了大量对技术、设备和产品的出口限制,涉及重要的科学仪器及其相关的零部件。本文以美国“两用”物品的商业管...在中美贸易冲突的背景下,美国为首的发达国家以立法形式限制关键核心技术向我国出口,美国出台的《商业管制清单》等文件包含了大量对技术、设备和产品的出口限制,涉及重要的科学仪器及其相关的零部件。本文以美国“两用”物品的商业管制清单(The Commerce Control List,CCL)为分析对象,以中国科学仪器分类为标准,将CCL中的内容与国内科学仪器的分类进行对比。通过对CCL的计量分析,揭示发现中国科学仪器领域相关技术受美国管制的形势非常严峻,有42.08%的清单条款涉及对科学仪器的管制。在十二个科学仪器的分类中,分析仪器、工艺实验设备、电子测量仪器等是受管制范围较广的领域,激光器、核仪器是传统受到管制的领域,医学诊断仪器、大气探测仪器等受管制范围较小。在分析的基础上为我国科学仪器的发展提出了分类应对、坚定走自主研发道路等建议。展开更多
【目的】聚焦科研不端撤销论文,深入探究科研不端撤销论文的发现机制,为期刊参与对科研不端论文的治理提供参考,为出版伦理与科研诚信体系建设提供借鉴。【方法】以Web of Science数据库中1834篇我国高校科研不端撤销论文的撤稿声明为...【目的】聚焦科研不端撤销论文,深入探究科研不端撤销论文的发现机制,为期刊参与对科研不端论文的治理提供参考,为出版伦理与科研诚信体系建设提供借鉴。【方法】以Web of Science数据库中1834篇我国高校科研不端撤销论文的撤稿声明为数据来源,综合使用科学计量、内容分析、文本计量方法,分析科研不端撤销论文的发现途径、调查过程、撤稿主体、撤稿原因等。【结果】第三方举报是发现科研不端论文的最主要途径,科研不端论文通常经期刊编辑部或出版商调查核实,由期刊主编或编辑发起撤稿。撤稿原因主要为虚假同行评议和剽窃,并且呈现出复杂化和多样化的趋势。【结论】期刊和出版商应当建立专门举报渠道,注重保护举报人隐私信息;不断完善对科研不端论文的撤稿依据和撤稿政策;制订统一的撤稿声明撰写规范;完善论文检测和审核机制,加大论文查处力度;关注频繁的、异常的、主动的撤稿行为。展开更多
Piráis a reading comprehension dataset focused on the ocean,the Brazilian coast,and climate change,built from a collection of scientific abstracts and reports on these topics.This dataset represents a versatile l...Piráis a reading comprehension dataset focused on the ocean,the Brazilian coast,and climate change,built from a collection of scientific abstracts and reports on these topics.This dataset represents a versatile language resource,particularly useful for testing the ability of current machine learning models to acquire expert scientific knowledge.Despite its potential,a detailed set of baselines has not yet been developed for Pirá.By creating these baselines,researchers can more easily utilize Piráas a resource for testing machine learning models across a wide range of question answering tasks.In this paper,we define six benchmarks over the Pirádataset,covering closed generative question answering,machine reading comprehension,information retrieval,open question answering,answer triggering,and multiple choice question answering.As part of this effort,we have also produced a curated version of the original dataset,where we fixed a number of grammar issues,repetitions,and other shortcomings.Furthermore,the dataset has been extended in several new directions,so as to face the aforementioned benchmarks:translation of supporting texts from English into Portuguese,classification labels for answerability,automatic paraphrases of questions and answers,and multiple choice candidates.The results described in this paper provide several points of reference for researchers interested in exploring the challenges provided by the Pirádataset.展开更多
文摘在中美贸易冲突的背景下,美国为首的发达国家以立法形式限制关键核心技术向我国出口,美国出台的《商业管制清单》等文件包含了大量对技术、设备和产品的出口限制,涉及重要的科学仪器及其相关的零部件。本文以美国“两用”物品的商业管制清单(The Commerce Control List,CCL)为分析对象,以中国科学仪器分类为标准,将CCL中的内容与国内科学仪器的分类进行对比。通过对CCL的计量分析,揭示发现中国科学仪器领域相关技术受美国管制的形势非常严峻,有42.08%的清单条款涉及对科学仪器的管制。在十二个科学仪器的分类中,分析仪器、工艺实验设备、电子测量仪器等是受管制范围较广的领域,激光器、核仪器是传统受到管制的领域,医学诊断仪器、大气探测仪器等受管制范围较小。在分析的基础上为我国科学仪器的发展提出了分类应对、坚定走自主研发道路等建议。
文摘【目的】聚焦科研不端撤销论文,深入探究科研不端撤销论文的发现机制,为期刊参与对科研不端论文的治理提供参考,为出版伦理与科研诚信体系建设提供借鉴。【方法】以Web of Science数据库中1834篇我国高校科研不端撤销论文的撤稿声明为数据来源,综合使用科学计量、内容分析、文本计量方法,分析科研不端撤销论文的发现途径、调查过程、撤稿主体、撤稿原因等。【结果】第三方举报是发现科研不端论文的最主要途径,科研不端论文通常经期刊编辑部或出版商调查核实,由期刊主编或编辑发起撤稿。撤稿原因主要为虚假同行评议和剽窃,并且呈现出复杂化和多样化的趋势。【结论】期刊和出版商应当建立专门举报渠道,注重保护举报人隐私信息;不断完善对科研不端论文的撤稿依据和撤稿政策;制订统一的撤稿声明撰写规范;完善论文检测和审核机制,加大论文查处力度;关注频繁的、异常的、主动的撤稿行为。
基金The work was carried out at the Center for Artificial Intelligence(C4AI-USP)with support from the São Paulo Research Foundation(FAPESP grant#2019/07665-4)from the IBM Corporation.This research was also partially supported by ItaúUnibanco S.A.+1 种基金M.M.Joséand F.Nakasato have been supported by the ItaúScholarship Program(PBI)of the Data Science Center(C2D)of the Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São PauloWe acknowledge support by CAPES-Finance Code 001.A.H.R.Costa and F.G.Cozman were partially supported by CNPq grants 310085/2020-9 and 305753/2022-3 respectively.Paulo Pirozelli was supported by the FAPESP grant 2019/26762-0.
文摘Piráis a reading comprehension dataset focused on the ocean,the Brazilian coast,and climate change,built from a collection of scientific abstracts and reports on these topics.This dataset represents a versatile language resource,particularly useful for testing the ability of current machine learning models to acquire expert scientific knowledge.Despite its potential,a detailed set of baselines has not yet been developed for Pirá.By creating these baselines,researchers can more easily utilize Piráas a resource for testing machine learning models across a wide range of question answering tasks.In this paper,we define six benchmarks over the Pirádataset,covering closed generative question answering,machine reading comprehension,information retrieval,open question answering,answer triggering,and multiple choice question answering.As part of this effort,we have also produced a curated version of the original dataset,where we fixed a number of grammar issues,repetitions,and other shortcomings.Furthermore,the dataset has been extended in several new directions,so as to face the aforementioned benchmarks:translation of supporting texts from English into Portuguese,classification labels for answerability,automatic paraphrases of questions and answers,and multiple choice candidates.The results described in this paper provide several points of reference for researchers interested in exploring the challenges provided by the Pirádataset.
