Leaf extract of medicinally important plant Ocimurn sanctum （O. sanctum） has been used for the synthesis of nickel nanoparticles （NiGs） and extraction of quercetin （Qu）. Qu has been conjugated with NiGs for enha...Leaf extract of medicinally important plant Ocimurn sanctum （O. sanctum） has been used for the synthesis of nickel nanoparticles （NiGs） and extraction of quercetin （Qu）. Qu has been conjugated with NiGs for enhanced anticancer effect on human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Extracted Qu was conjugated with polyethylene glycol （PEG） coated NiGs （Qu-PEG-NiGs） which was used as carriers for breast cancer treatment. Anticancer activity of Qu-PEG-NiGs was evaluated by assessing cell viability, reactive oxygen species （ROS） production, caspase activity, mitochondrial membrane potential （MMP） and changes in nuclear morphology （staining methods）. 0.85 mg of quercetin was extracted from I g of leaves with retention time （Rt） of 2.914 rain. Loading and encapsulation efficiency of quercetin onto PEG-NiGs was 15.04% and 82% respectively and Qu-PEG-NiGs has shown a sustained release of Qu of about 84% after 48 h. Qu and Qu-PEG-NiGs showed dose dependent （1.56-50 μg/mL） anticancer effect against MCF-7 cells with IC50 values of 50 and 6.25 μg/mL respectively which was mediated by oxidative stress due to ROS over-production that induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, capsase -9, -7 activities leading to apoptosis. The present study validates that Qu-PEG-NiGs can be used as a potential anticancer agent for cancer therapy.展开更多
A study was conducted to examine the germination requirements of Cedrela odorata, Guaiacum sanctum and Calycophyllum candidissimum seeds, and the effect of light intensity on survival and growth of C. odorata and G. s...A study was conducted to examine the germination requirements of Cedrela odorata, Guaiacum sanctum and Calycophyllum candidissimum seeds, and the effect of light intensity on survival and growth of C. odorata and G. sanctum seedlings planted on open, partially-open and beneath the canopy of a dry forest in Nicaragua. The results show that germination of C. candidissimum seeds was signifi- cantly higher in light than darkness at constant temperatures ranging from 20-35℃. Both C. odorata and G. sanctum seeds germinated in light and darkness to a varying extent, and the optimal germination temperature was around 20-25℃. Alternating temperature regimes did not improve germination. Survival of G. sanctum seedlings was 70% beneath the canopy and 80% in the open, and its relative growth rate in collar diameter was 1.88 mm/month in the open and 1.42 mm/month in the understory. Survival was generally poor for C. odorata, particularly in the understory. We concluded that light is an absolute requirement for the germination of C. candidissimum seeds while germination of C. odorata and G. sanctum seeds are more sensitive to temperature. Owing to its high survival rate on open site, G. sanctum could serve as a candidate species for reforestation of degraded sites.展开更多
Objective:To assess antifungal activity of Ocimum sanctum leaves against dermatophytic fungi. Methods:Antifungal activity of Ocimum sanctum leaves was measured by 38 A NCCLS method. Minimum inhibitory concentration(MI...Objective:To assess antifungal activity of Ocimum sanctum leaves against dermatophytic fungi. Methods:Antifungal activity of Ocimum sanctum leaves was measured by 38 A NCCLS method. Minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration(MFC) of various extracts and fractions of Ocimum sanctum leaves were also determined.Results:Ocimum sanctum leaves possessed antifungal activity against clinically isolated dermatophytes at the concentration of 200μg/mL.MIC and MFC were high with water fraction(200μg/mL) against dermatophytic fungi used.Conclusions:Ocimum sanctum has antifungal activity,and the leaf extracts may be a useful source for dermatophytic infections.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the protective role of Ocimum sanctum（O.sanctum） leaves against Salmonella typhim.urium（S.typhimurium） infection in rats by inducing TNF-α,IFN-γ& IL-2 cytokines.Methods:Wistar albino...Objective:To investigate the protective role of Ocimum sanctum（O.sanctum） leaves against Salmonella typhim.urium（S.typhimurium） infection in rats by inducing TNF-α,IFN-γ& IL-2 cytokines.Methods:Wistar albino rats were fed with aqueous extract of 0.sanctum leaves using 250 mg/kg body weight dose once a day for 20 consecutive days.Control rats were fed with placebo.Rats were infected with LD<sub>50</sub> dose of 5.typhimurium infection and monitored for their survival.Bacterial blood burden in both the groups was compared and numbers of activated peritoneal macrophages were counted.Concentration of TNF-α,IFN-γand IL-2 cytokines in serum during different time intervals was assayed by sandwich ELISA.Results:Rats of control group showed a high mortality rate and had higher bacterial blood burden when compared with O.sanctum extract fed rats.There was a significant increase in the number of S.typhimurium engulfed peritoneal macrophages in the peritoneal fluid of O.sanctum fed animals.The protective control against bacterial infection in O,sanctum fed rats was associated with elevated level of TNF-α,IFN-γand IL-2 cytokines in serum.Conclusions:These findings suggest that orally administered O.sanctum leaves extract effectively enhanced activation in macrophage and lymphocytes,depicted by the elevated serum concentration of TNF-α,IFN-γand IL-2 cytokines,leading to induce a protective resistance against Salmonella typhimurium infection.展开更多
Objective:To isolate and characterize antidiabetic component（bioactivity-guided fractionation） from hydro alcoholic extract of Ocimum sanctum（O.sanctum） aerial part.Methods:Ten fractions（F1 - F10） were isolated ...Objective:To isolate and characterize antidiabetic component（bioactivity-guided fractionation） from hydro alcoholic extract of Ocimum sanctum（O.sanctum） aerial part.Methods:Ten fractions（F1 - F10） were isolated from hydro alcoholic extract of O.sanctum aerial part by column chromatography.All the fractions Fl to F10 were screened for antidiabetic activity in alloxan induced diabetic rats by estimating serum glucose level and lipid parameters.The isolated bioactive component was elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic(UV,IR,MS,<sup>1</sup>H and <sup>13</sup>C NMR) data analysis.Results:The bioactive fraction（F5） was found to be potent antidiabetic by ameliorating glucose and lipid parameters（total cholesterol,triglycerides,low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol）.The extensive spectroscopic data analysis reveals that,the isolated bioactive compound elucidated as tetracyclic triterpenoid[16-Hydroxy-4,4,10,13-tetramethyl- 17-（4-methyI-pentyl）-hexadecahydro-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one].Conclusions:Our present study concluded that,tetracyclic triterpenoid isolated from aerial part of O.sanctum has a great anti-diabetic potential.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the regulatory effect of aqueous extract of leaves of Ocimum sanctum on IL-2 cytokine production in vivo and in vitro,and the effect of leaves extract on general blood picture including T&...Objective:To investigate the regulatory effect of aqueous extract of leaves of Ocimum sanctum on IL-2 cytokine production in vivo and in vitro,and the effect of leaves extract on general blood picture including T& B lymphocytes.Methods:For in vivo studies albino Wistar rats were treated with aqueous crude leaves extract of Ocimum sanctum for 20 consecutive days.Spleen cells were harvested and assayed for IL-2 production by using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) and mRNA expression methods.For in vitro study aqueous Ocimum sanctum leaves extract= in different concentrations(25-500μ/mL) was added into culture plates containing ConA stimulated splenocytes.To study the overall effect on blood picture,density gradient purified lymphocytes analysis and conventional methodology for total and differential leukocyte count and hemoglobin level were also done.Results:It indicated that the rats treated with Ocimum sanctum leaves extract had significantly enhanced(P【0.001) ability of spleen cells to secrete IL-2.Investigation in vitro also showed regulation of IL-2 production.Blood study exhibited leucocytosis and augmentation of T& B lymphocytes by 25%approximately.4-5%increase in Hemoglobin value was also noticed.Conclusion:Aqueous Ocimum sanctum leaves extract may have stimulatory effect on T & B lymphocytes particularly on Th 1 subset of lymphocytes as shown by enhancement in IL-2 production.展开更多
Objective:To synthesize silver nanoparticles using silver nitrate by a green technique which involves different compositions of aqueous leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica(neem)and Ocimum sanctum(tulsi).Methods:Their ...Objective:To synthesize silver nanoparticles using silver nitrate by a green technique which involves different compositions of aqueous leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica(neem)and Ocimum sanctum(tulsi).Methods:Their shape and size were determined using transmission electron microscopy and UV-visible spectroscopy.Their antiplasmodial activity was studied using the malarial parasite strain(Plasmodium falciparum,3D7).The parasite strain(3D7)was collected and revived in vitro using Trager and Jensen method in RPMI 1640 medium for 7-8cycles.Half maximal effective concentration values were calculated by nonlinear regression analysis.Results:Transmission electron microscopy results confirmed the formation of silver nanoparticles with size ranging from 4.74-39.32 nm and their size differs by varying the concentrations from 20%to 100%of neem extract in neem and tulsi extracts.It was observed that samples B and C showed half maximum effective concentration of about 0.3μM.Conclusions:It can be easily established that the aqueous leaf extracts of neem and tulsi in combination can be a good source for synthesis of silver nanoparticles with small size possessing appreciable antiplasmodial activity.展开更多
Nickel nanoparticles as an eco-friendly adsorbent was biosynthesized using Ocimum sanctum leaf extract. The physiochemical properties of green synthesized nickel nanoparticles(Ni Gs) were characterized by UV–Vis spec...Nickel nanoparticles as an eco-friendly adsorbent was biosynthesized using Ocimum sanctum leaf extract. The physiochemical properties of green synthesized nickel nanoparticles(Ni Gs) were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy(UV–Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FTIR), X-ray diffraction(XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope(TEM). Ni Gs were used as adsorbent for the removal of dyes such as crystal violet(CV), eosin Y(EY), orange II(OR) and anionic pollutant nitrate(NO3-), sulfate(SO42-) from aqueous solution. Adsorption capacity of Ni Gs was examined in batch modes at different p H, contact time, Ni G dosage, initial dye and pollutant concentration. The adsorption process was p H dependent and the adsorption capacity increased with increase in contact time and with that of Ni G dosage, whereas the adsorption capacity decreased at higher concentrations of dyes and pollutants. Maximum percentage removal of dyes and pollutants were observed at 40, 20,30, 10 and 10 mg·L-1initial concentration of CV, EY, OR, NO3-and SO42-respectively. The maximum adsorption capacities in Langmuir isotherm were found to be 0.454, 0.615, 0.273, 0.795 and 0.645 mg·g-1at p H 8, 3, 3, 7and 7 for CV, EY, OR, NO3-and SO42-respectively. The higher coef ficients of correlation in Langmuir isotherm suggested monolayer adsorption. The mean energies(E), 2.23, 3.53, 2.50, 5.00 and 3.16 k J·mol-1for CV, EY, OR, NO3-and SO42-respectively, calculated from the Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm showed physical adsorption of adsorbate onto Ni Gs. Adsorption kinetics data was better fitted to pseudo-second-order kinetics with R2 N 0.870 for all dyes and pollutants. Ni Gs were found to be an effective adsorbent for the removal of dyes and pollutants from aqueous solution and can be applied to treat textile and tannery ef fluents.展开更多
The present study was intended to discover the interaction between Ocimum sanctum(O. sanctum) and Glimepiride, a sulfonylurea derivative used in the treatment of type-2 diabetes, in diabetic rats to suggest an alterat...The present study was intended to discover the interaction between Ocimum sanctum(O. sanctum) and Glimepiride, a sulfonylurea derivative used in the treatment of type-2 diabetes, in diabetic rats to suggest an alteration in the dose of Glimepiride in case of hypoglycaemia. LD50 studies for the aqueous extract of O. sanctum leaf were carried out in albino mice up to the dose level of 2000 mg/kg. O. sanctum at low, medium and high doses(100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, per oral), respectively and Glimepiride ?(half) therapeutic dose, therapeutic dose and 2 time therapeutic dose(0.036, 0.072 and 0.144 mg/200 g, per oral) were selected. After the treatment with O. sanctum and Glimepiride as single doses and in various combinations of these two drugs in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats serum glucose levels in all the groups were analysed by the glucose oxidase-peroxidase method. When administered alone as single doses both aqueous extract of O. sanctum leaf and Glimepiride produced a significant anti-diabetic effect in diabetic rats. The anti-diabetic effect observed with combination of aqueous extract of O. sanctum leaf and Glimepiride was significant and more when compared to either of the drugs given alone. There was a definite interaction that necessitates dose readjustment of Glimepiride and further glucose levels are to be frequently monitored to avoid complication of hypoglycemic condition with aqueous extract of O. sanctum leaf and Glimepiride combination.展开更多
Objective: To evaluate the effects of Oscimum sanctum L(O. sanctum), an important medicinal herb, on alcohol withdrawal syndrome in Wistar rats. Methods: Liquid diet with 7.2%, v/v ethanol was administered to the rats...Objective: To evaluate the effects of Oscimum sanctum L(O. sanctum), an important medicinal herb, on alcohol withdrawal syndrome in Wistar rats. Methods: Liquid diet with 7.2%, v/v ethanol was administered to the rats for 21 d. Control group animals received sucrose as an isocaloric liquid diet. After alcohol withdrawal, rats were examined at 6 th and 24 th hour for major withdrawal signs that included anxiety and hyper locomotor activity. Ethanol withdrawal anxiety was tested using elevated plus maze, light and dark model; the hyper locomotor activity using actophotometer. O. sanctum leaf extract(100, 200 and 300 mg/kg, oral) and diazepam(2 mg/kg, i.p) were administered to the treatment group animals 30 min before alcohol withdrawal estimation. Drug treatment was also given 30 min before the second observation at 24 th hour. On the last day of the protocol, rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation liver, kidney and brain were isolated and preserved in formalin for further histopathological examination. Results: Findings from the present study revealed that O. Sanctum leaf extract treatment at doses 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg, oral had a significant protective effect on signs and symptoms of ethanol withdrawal in alcohol-dependent rats. However, no remarkable pathological and microscopic alterations were observed in histopathological examination. Conclusions: O. sanctum seems to be an active drug for the treatment of alcohol abstinence syndrome.展开更多
In this study, we compared the in vitro antioxidant property among the selected Ocimum species (O. sanctum, O. americanum, O. basilicum and O. gratissimum) and hepatoprotective activities of their extracts against CCl...In this study, we compared the in vitro antioxidant property among the selected Ocimum species (O. sanctum, O. americanum, O. basilicum and O. gratissimum) and hepatoprotective activities of their extracts against CCl4 induced intoxication. The results suggested that the four species of Ocimum genus showed variability in Phenolic content and in vitro antioxi-dant activity against DPPH, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals in the following manner: O. sanctum > O. americanum > O. basilicum > O. gratissimum respec-tively. Based on serum AST, ALT, ALP and T. Bil levels, the alcoholic extracts of Ocimum species showed a significant dose dependent (250 mg and 500 mg and 750 mg/kg p.o.) and a protective effect against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. The results further revealed that the potential hepatoprotective activity of Ocimum sanctum among the Ocimum species.展开更多
Many members of the Labiatae family are used in traditional and folk medicine and also used as culinary and ornamental plants. Leaves are the most used plants parts of this family. Ethanolic extract of the leaves, ste...Many members of the Labiatae family are used in traditional and folk medicine and also used as culinary and ornamental plants. Leaves are the most used plants parts of this family. Ethanolic extract of the leaves, stem, seeds of Leucas zeylanica, Ocimum canum, Ocimum sanctum and leaves of Mentha arvensis, Ocimum basilicum were subjected to phytochemical screening and antifungal assays against Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Trichoderma sp., Mucor sp., Rhizopus sp. was determined by using the agar streaking assay method after 48 and 72 hours of incubation. All parts of the plants were found to contain flavonoid/s and alkaloid/s except for the absence of alkaloids in seeds of L. zeylanica and stem of O. sanctum respectively. Tannins were present in all parts of plants such as L. zeylanica, O. canum, M. arvensis and absent in O. sanctum and O. basilicum. Phlobatannins were only present in leaves of L. zeylanica and saponins were present only in leaves of O. basilicum. The leaves of L. zeylanica, O. basilicum, M. arvensis, O. sanctum and seeds of O. sanctum and O. canum showed the presence of steroids. Terpenoids were present in all parts of O. sanctum and O. canum than the other plants. The cardiac glycosides were present in all parts of O. sanctum than the other plants tested. Leaves of O. sanctum and M. arvensis exhibited strong positive antifungal activity against Aspergillus sp. Leaves of O. canum, O. basilicum and M. arvensis and stem of O. canum showed strong positive activity against Mucor sp. L. zeylanica only exhibited the antifungal activity against Mucor sp. Penicillium sp. was inhibited by the leaves and seeds extracts of O. sanctum. Degree of activity was low in L. zeylanica compared with other plant extracts. Most of these plant parts did not show any activity against Trichoderma sp. and Rhizopus sp. This study revealed that the antifungal activity of leaves of these plants was high than other plant parts against tested fungi.展开更多
A study was conducted to examine the germination requirements of Cedrela odorata, Guaiacum sanctum and Calycophyllum candidissimum seeds, and the effect of light intensity on survival and growth of C.odorata and G.san...A study was conducted to examine the germination requirements of Cedrela odorata, Guaiacum sanctum and Calycophyllum candidissimum seeds, and the effect of light intensity on survival and growth of C.odorata and G.sanctum seedlings planted on open, partially-open and beneath the canopy of a dry forest in Nicaragua.The results show that germination of C.candidissimum seeds was significantly higher in light than darkness at constant temperatures ranging from 20-35oC.Both C.odorata and G.sanctum seeds germinated in light and darkness to a varying extent, and the optimal germination temperature was around 20-25oC.Alternating temperature regimes did not improve germination.Survival of G.sanctum seedlings was 70% beneath the canopy and 80% in the open, and its relative growth rate in collar diameter was 1.88 mm/month in the open and 1.42 mm/month in the understory.Survival was generally poor for C.odorata, particularly in the understory.We concluded that light is an absolute requirement for the germination of C.candidissimum seeds while germination of C.odorata and G.sanctum seeds are more sensitive to temperature.Owing to its high survival rate on open site, G.sanctum could serve as a candidate species for reforestation of degraded sites.展开更多
The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of aqueous extracts of Ocimum sanctum L. leaves on blood glucose, serum lipid profile and anti-oxidative activity to protect various risk organs in DM rats. Oc...The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of aqueous extracts of Ocimum sanctum L. leaves on blood glucose, serum lipid profile and anti-oxidative activity to protect various risk organs in DM rats. Ocimum sanctum L. leaves were extracted using water, then the total phenolic content was determined. Three groups of male Wistar rats were used including normal control rats, DM rats and DM rats daily fed with aqueous extracts of Ocimum sanctum L. leaves (AQOS) for three weeks. DM rats were induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (65 mg/kgbw). The results show that three weeks of diabetic induction increased blood glucose, serum lipid profile and serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, CK-MB, creatinine and BUN. AQOS significantly decreased blood glucose, serum lipid profile and serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, CK-MB, creatinine and BUN. The low level of serum insulin was also raised by AQOS. AQOS suppressed high TBARS level and raised the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the liver, kidney and cardiac tis- sues. Histopathological results show that AQOS preserved the liver, kidney and myocardial tissues. It can be concluded that AQOS had anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic, and free radical sca- venging effects providing organ protection from diabetes. The phenolic compounds contained in AQOS might be responsible for these activities.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial activity of Ocimum sanctum(O.sanctum) leaf extract, alone,and in combination with chloramphenicol(C) and trimethoprim(Tm) against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi(S.typhi).Meth...Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial activity of Ocimum sanctum(O.sanctum) leaf extract, alone,and in combination with chloramphenicol(C) and trimethoprim(Tm) against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi(S.typhi).Methods:The antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of tulsi, 0.sanctum,leaf(TLE:500μg) for 23 S.typhi isolates was determined following agar diffusion. The C(30μg) and Tm(5μg) activity alone and in combination with TLE(250μg) was determined by disk diffusion.The zone diameter of inhibition(ZDI) for the agents was recorded, and growth inhibitory indices(Glls) were calculated.Results:The S.typhi isolates(n=23),which were resistant to both C(ZDI 6 mm) and Tm(ZDI 6 mm),had TLE(500μg) ZDIs 16-24 mm.The ZDIs of C and Tm were increased up to 15-21 mm and 17-23 mm,respectively,when TLE(250μg) was added to the C and Tm discs.The Glls ranged 0.789-1.235 and 0.894-1.352,due to combined activity against S.typhi isolates,of C and TLE and Tm and TLE.respeclivelv.Conclusions:The data suggest that TLE,in combination with C and Tm,had synergistic activity for S.typhi isolates, and hence O.sanclum is potential in combating S.typhi drug resistance,as well promising in the development of non-antibiotic drug for S.typhi infection.展开更多
AIM: To evaluate and compare the hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory effects of Curcuma longa (CL), Ocimum sanctum (OS), Tinospora cordifolia (TC) and Zizyphus mauritiana (ZM) on liver injury and immunosuppression i...AIM: To evaluate and compare the hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory effects of Curcuma longa (CL), Ocimum sanctum (OS), Tinospora cordifolia (TC) and Zizyphus mauritiana (ZM) on liver injury and immunosuppression induced by Isoniazid (INH), Rifampicin (RIF) and Pyrazinamide (PZA). METHODS: Duncan Hartley guinea pigs, weighing 700-1050 g, were treated orally with 50 mg/kg of INH, 100 mg/kg of RIF and 300 mg/Kg of PZA for 21-d. 200 mg/kg (bw) of each herb crude extract was administered to the herb control group and 2-h previous to INH + RIF + PZA (AKT) doses to the Herb + AKT groups. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspertate aminotransferase (AST) bilirubin and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) were assessed on d 0 and 21 in all the groups. Phagocytic % (P%), Phagocytic Index (PI) and Chemotactic Index (CI) were also measured as immunologic parameters. Histological analysis was carried out to assess injury to the liver. RESULTS: The AKT treated control group showed hepatotoxicity as judged by elevated serum AST 5-fold, AST/ALT ratio 4-fold, ALP 2-fold and hepatological changes, such as focal necrosis, portal triaditis and steatosis. Immune function was suppressed as judged by decreased P% (51.67 ?1.68 vs 40.61 ?1.28, P < 0.01), PI (2.0725±0.05 vs 0.61±0.05, P < 0.001) and CI (1.8525±0.04 vs 0.695±0.07, P < 0.001). All four herb treated groups showed normal liver histology, enzyme levels and increased P%, while PI and CI were enhanced in the TC and ZM treated groups, respectively. CL + AKT, TC + AKT and ZM + AKT showed nearly normal histology with minimal inflammation and microvesicular steatosis, while OS + AKT showed partial protection. Hepatotoxicity was prevented by restricting the rise of AST by 2-fold in CL + AKT and TC + AKT groups and by 3-fold in OS + AKT and ZM + AKT groups, AST/ALT by 2-fold and ALP to normal levels in all four groups. All four herb + AKT groups showed normal to enhanced neutrophil function. CONCLUSION: All four herbs showed hepatoprotective potential and prevented immunosuppression展开更多
A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of growth regulators on growth characteristics such as root length,shoot length,total leaf area,number of inflorescence per plant,number of flower per inflore...A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of growth regulators on growth characteristics such as root length,shoot length,total leaf area,number of inflorescence per plant,number of flower per inflorescence,whole plant fresh weight and whole plant dry weight.Photosynthetic characteristics were also analyzed based on the same experiment.For this,various photosynthetic pigment contents such as chlorophyll,carotenoid,anthocyanin and xanthophyll content were calculated.The conventional growth regulator abscisic acid(ABA)and non-conventional growth regulator triazole compound paclobutrazol(PBZ)were used.Root length increased due to growth regulator treatment,but shoot length decreased.Leaf area was decreased due to growth regulator treatment.The number of inflorescence increased in ABA treated plants,but it was decreased in PBZ treated plants.In ABA treated plants,the number of flowers per inflorescence was increased.In PBZ treated plants the number of inflorescence was reduced.The whole plant fresh weight(FW)and dry weight(DW)were increased in ABA and PBZ treated plants.There was an increase in chlorophyll content in growth regulator treated plants compared to control,and it was more in PBZ treated plants.The carotenoid content was also increased in ABA and PBZ treated plants.展开更多
Holy basil(Tulsi,Ocimum sanctum)is considered to be a pious plant.It is used not only in many of the rituals of Hindus but is also known for its innumerable medicinal qualities.Holy basil leaves(HBLs)are often consume...Holy basil(Tulsi,Ocimum sanctum)is considered to be a pious plant.It is used not only in many of the rituals of Hindus but is also known for its innumerable medicinal qualities.Holy basil leaves(HBLs)are often consumed raw thus it is pertinent to detect the bacteria on Tulsi leaves.This study was conducted to understand the diversity of the aerobically growing microbiome of edible holy basil leaves.A total of 112 samples of leaves were collected from households of six localities in and around Bareilly,India for detecting culturable bacteria growing aerobically.A sum of 579 bacterial isolates belonging to 106 different species was identified.Pantoea agglomerans isolates were detected in 43 samples followed by isolates Virgibacillus pantothenticus(21),Bacillus coagulans(18),Bacillus cereus(17),Geobacillus stearothermophilus(16),Klebsiella pneumoniae(13),Citrobacter freundii(12),Lysinibacillus sphaericus(12),Acinetobacter calcoaceticus(11),Escherichia coli(11),and Xenorhabdus bovienii(11).Isolates of 95 species of bacteria were detected on<10 samples of HBLs.Of 579 isolates,161 isolates detected in 68(60.71%)samples were of putatively good bacteria belonging to eight genera(Bacillus,Brevibacillus,Lysinibacillus,Paenibacillus,Photobacter,Siccibacter,Virgibacillus,Xenoirhabdus)and 23 species.However,418 bacterial isolates detected in 108(96.43%)of the HBL samples were classified as potentially pathogenic for humans and animals belonging to 34 genera and 73 species.There were only four samples(three from Mahanagar and one from Bhojipura)that had no potential pathogenic bacteria detected in this study.The analysis indicated that HBL leaves from the ICAR-IVRI campus had a lower probability(P<0.04)of harbouring good bacteria than samples from Bhojpura,Mahanagar,North City and Rajendra Nagar.Cinnamaldehyde inhibiting 96.72%of the isolates and carvacrol inhibiting 96.37%of the isolates were the best herbal antimicrobials and among antibiotics,meropenem inhibited 98.96%of bacterial isolates.Antimicrobial resistance in non-pa展开更多
Objective:To investigate the effect of Ocimum sanctum hydroalcoholic extract(OSHE)on seizure control and neuronal injury in rats with lithium-pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus(SE).Methods:SE was induced by admini...Objective:To investigate the effect of Ocimum sanctum hydroalcoholic extract(OSHE)on seizure control and neuronal injury in rats with lithium-pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus(SE).Methods:SE was induced by administering lithium chloride followed by pilocarpine 24 h later.OSHE was administered either alone or in combination with valproate(VPA)3 days before SE induction until 14 days post-SE induction.Seizure parameters were recorded on day 1(0-3 h),day 1-3 and day 4-14 post-SE.On day 14 post-SE,neurobehavioural tests(elevated plus maze and passive avoidance)were done followed by total antioxidant capacity,neuron-specific enolase,immunohistochemistry,and electron microscopic assessment in the hippocampus and cortex tissue.Results:OSHE+VPA provided more significant seizure protection(75%)than VPA(62.5%),OSHE(62.5%),or SE control(12.5%)(overall P=0.003).The latency to stage-3/4 seizures was increased and the number of stage-3/4 seizures was reduced in all treatment groups compared to the SE control group(P=0.002 and<0.001,respectively).The OSHE+VPA group also had better memory retention than other treatment groups(P<0.001)in the passive avoidance test.Total antioxidant capacity level was significantly higher and neuron-specific enolase was lower in the OSHE and OSHE+VPA groups compared to the SE control group.Electron microscopic study showed significant myelin sheath damage(67.5%,P<0.05)and axonal degeneration(51.8%,P<0.001)in the hippocampus of the SE control group,which were alleviated by OSHE or OSHE+VPA treatment.In immunohistochemical analysis,the OSHE,OSHE+VPA,and VPA groups had a significantly higher number of viable neurons and less neuronal loss compared to the SE control in the hippocampus(P<0.001).Conclusions:OSHE either alone or in combination with VPA shows better seizure control by preservation of neuronal echotexture and reducing oxidative stress in the hippocampus.展开更多
文摘Leaf extract of medicinally important plant Ocimurn sanctum （O. sanctum） has been used for the synthesis of nickel nanoparticles （NiGs） and extraction of quercetin （Qu）. Qu has been conjugated with NiGs for enhanced anticancer effect on human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Extracted Qu was conjugated with polyethylene glycol （PEG） coated NiGs （Qu-PEG-NiGs） which was used as carriers for breast cancer treatment. Anticancer activity of Qu-PEG-NiGs was evaluated by assessing cell viability, reactive oxygen species （ROS） production, caspase activity, mitochondrial membrane potential （MMP） and changes in nuclear morphology （staining methods）. 0.85 mg of quercetin was extracted from I g of leaves with retention time （Rt） of 2.914 rain. Loading and encapsulation efficiency of quercetin onto PEG-NiGs was 15.04% and 82% respectively and Qu-PEG-NiGs has shown a sustained release of Qu of about 84% after 48 h. Qu and Qu-PEG-NiGs showed dose dependent （1.56-50 μg/mL） anticancer effect against MCF-7 cells with IC50 values of 50 and 6.25 μg/mL respectively which was mediated by oxidative stress due to ROS over-production that induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, capsase -9, -7 activities leading to apoptosis. The present study validates that Qu-PEG-NiGs can be used as a potential anticancer agent for cancer therapy.
文摘A study was conducted to examine the germination requirements of Cedrela odorata, Guaiacum sanctum and Calycophyllum candidissimum seeds, and the effect of light intensity on survival and growth of C. odorata and G. sanctum seedlings planted on open, partially-open and beneath the canopy of a dry forest in Nicaragua. The results show that germination of C. candidissimum seeds was signifi- cantly higher in light than darkness at constant temperatures ranging from 20-35℃. Both C. odorata and G. sanctum seeds germinated in light and darkness to a varying extent, and the optimal germination temperature was around 20-25℃. Alternating temperature regimes did not improve germination. Survival of G. sanctum seedlings was 70% beneath the canopy and 80% in the open, and its relative growth rate in collar diameter was 1.88 mm/month in the open and 1.42 mm/month in the understory. Survival was generally poor for C. odorata, particularly in the understory. We concluded that light is an absolute requirement for the germination of C. candidissimum seeds while germination of C. odorata and G. sanctum seeds are more sensitive to temperature. Owing to its high survival rate on open site, G. sanctum could serve as a candidate species for reforestation of degraded sites.
文摘Objective:To assess antifungal activity of Ocimum sanctum leaves against dermatophytic fungi. Methods:Antifungal activity of Ocimum sanctum leaves was measured by 38 A NCCLS method. Minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration(MFC) of various extracts and fractions of Ocimum sanctum leaves were also determined.Results:Ocimum sanctum leaves possessed antifungal activity against clinically isolated dermatophytes at the concentration of 200μg/mL.MIC and MFC were high with water fraction(200μg/mL) against dermatophytic fungi used.Conclusions:Ocimum sanctum has antifungal activity,and the leaf extracts may be a useful source for dermatophytic infections.
基金Dept.Of Science & Technology, New Delhi for providing the financial grant
文摘Objective:To investigate the protective role of Ocimum sanctum（O.sanctum） leaves against Salmonella typhim.urium（S.typhimurium） infection in rats by inducing TNF-α,IFN-γ& IL-2 cytokines.Methods:Wistar albino rats were fed with aqueous extract of 0.sanctum leaves using 250 mg/kg body weight dose once a day for 20 consecutive days.Control rats were fed with placebo.Rats were infected with LD<sub>50</sub> dose of 5.typhimurium infection and monitored for their survival.Bacterial blood burden in both the groups was compared and numbers of activated peritoneal macrophages were counted.Concentration of TNF-α,IFN-γand IL-2 cytokines in serum during different time intervals was assayed by sandwich ELISA.Results:Rats of control group showed a high mortality rate and had higher bacterial blood burden when compared with O.sanctum extract fed rats.There was a significant increase in the number of S.typhimurium engulfed peritoneal macrophages in the peritoneal fluid of O.sanctum fed animals.The protective control against bacterial infection in O,sanctum fed rats was associated with elevated level of TNF-α,IFN-γand IL-2 cytokines in serum.Conclusions:These findings suggest that orally administered O.sanctum leaves extract effectively enhanced activation in macrophage and lymphocytes,depicted by the elevated serum concentration of TNF-α,IFN-γand IL-2 cytokines,leading to induce a protective resistance against Salmonella typhimurium infection.
文摘Objective:To isolate and characterize antidiabetic component（bioactivity-guided fractionation） from hydro alcoholic extract of Ocimum sanctum（O.sanctum） aerial part.Methods:Ten fractions（F1 - F10） were isolated from hydro alcoholic extract of O.sanctum aerial part by column chromatography.All the fractions Fl to F10 were screened for antidiabetic activity in alloxan induced diabetic rats by estimating serum glucose level and lipid parameters.The isolated bioactive component was elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic(UV,IR,MS,<sup>1</sup>H and <sup>13</sup>C NMR) data analysis.Results:The bioactive fraction（F5） was found to be potent antidiabetic by ameliorating glucose and lipid parameters（total cholesterol,triglycerides,low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol）.The extensive spectroscopic data analysis reveals that,the isolated bioactive compound elucidated as tetracyclic triterpenoid[16-Hydroxy-4,4,10,13-tetramethyl- 17-（4-methyI-pentyl）-hexadecahydro-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one].Conclusions:Our present study concluded that,tetracyclic triterpenoid isolated from aerial part of O.sanctum has a great anti-diabetic potential.
基金financially supported by Woman Scientist Scheme-A to the first author from the Department of Science and Technology,New Delhi
文摘Objective:To investigate the regulatory effect of aqueous extract of leaves of Ocimum sanctum on IL-2 cytokine production in vivo and in vitro,and the effect of leaves extract on general blood picture including T& B lymphocytes.Methods:For in vivo studies albino Wistar rats were treated with aqueous crude leaves extract of Ocimum sanctum for 20 consecutive days.Spleen cells were harvested and assayed for IL-2 production by using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) and mRNA expression methods.For in vitro study aqueous Ocimum sanctum leaves extract= in different concentrations(25-500μ/mL) was added into culture plates containing ConA stimulated splenocytes.To study the overall effect on blood picture,density gradient purified lymphocytes analysis and conventional methodology for total and differential leukocyte count and hemoglobin level were also done.Results:It indicated that the rats treated with Ocimum sanctum leaves extract had significantly enhanced(P【0.001) ability of spleen cells to secrete IL-2.Investigation in vitro also showed regulation of IL-2 production.Blood study exhibited leucocytosis and augmentation of T& B lymphocytes by 25%approximately.4-5%increase in Hemoglobin value was also noticed.Conclusion:Aqueous Ocimum sanctum leaves extract may have stimulatory effect on T & B lymphocytes particularly on Th 1 subset of lymphocytes as shown by enhancement in IL-2 production.
基金supported by the Innovation project of the University of Delhi(SVC 311)
文摘Objective:To synthesize silver nanoparticles using silver nitrate by a green technique which involves different compositions of aqueous leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica(neem)and Ocimum sanctum(tulsi).Methods:Their shape and size were determined using transmission electron microscopy and UV-visible spectroscopy.Their antiplasmodial activity was studied using the malarial parasite strain(Plasmodium falciparum,3D7).The parasite strain(3D7)was collected and revived in vitro using Trager and Jensen method in RPMI 1640 medium for 7-8cycles.Half maximal effective concentration values were calculated by nonlinear regression analysis.Results:Transmission electron microscopy results confirmed the formation of silver nanoparticles with size ranging from 4.74-39.32 nm and their size differs by varying the concentrations from 20%to 100%of neem extract in neem and tulsi extracts.It was observed that samples B and C showed half maximum effective concentration of about 0.3μM.Conclusions:It can be easily established that the aqueous leaf extracts of neem and tulsi in combination can be a good source for synthesis of silver nanoparticles with small size possessing appreciable antiplasmodial activity.
文摘Nickel nanoparticles as an eco-friendly adsorbent was biosynthesized using Ocimum sanctum leaf extract. The physiochemical properties of green synthesized nickel nanoparticles(Ni Gs) were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy(UV–Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FTIR), X-ray diffraction(XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope(TEM). Ni Gs were used as adsorbent for the removal of dyes such as crystal violet(CV), eosin Y(EY), orange II(OR) and anionic pollutant nitrate(NO3-), sulfate(SO42-) from aqueous solution. Adsorption capacity of Ni Gs was examined in batch modes at different p H, contact time, Ni G dosage, initial dye and pollutant concentration. The adsorption process was p H dependent and the adsorption capacity increased with increase in contact time and with that of Ni G dosage, whereas the adsorption capacity decreased at higher concentrations of dyes and pollutants. Maximum percentage removal of dyes and pollutants were observed at 40, 20,30, 10 and 10 mg·L-1initial concentration of CV, EY, OR, NO3-and SO42-respectively. The maximum adsorption capacities in Langmuir isotherm were found to be 0.454, 0.615, 0.273, 0.795 and 0.645 mg·g-1at p H 8, 3, 3, 7and 7 for CV, EY, OR, NO3-and SO42-respectively. The higher coef ficients of correlation in Langmuir isotherm suggested monolayer adsorption. The mean energies(E), 2.23, 3.53, 2.50, 5.00 and 3.16 k J·mol-1for CV, EY, OR, NO3-and SO42-respectively, calculated from the Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm showed physical adsorption of adsorbate onto Ni Gs. Adsorption kinetics data was better fitted to pseudo-second-order kinetics with R2 N 0.870 for all dyes and pollutants. Ni Gs were found to be an effective adsorbent for the removal of dyes and pollutants from aqueous solution and can be applied to treat textile and tannery ef fluents.
文摘The present study was intended to discover the interaction between Ocimum sanctum(O. sanctum) and Glimepiride, a sulfonylurea derivative used in the treatment of type-2 diabetes, in diabetic rats to suggest an alteration in the dose of Glimepiride in case of hypoglycaemia. LD50 studies for the aqueous extract of O. sanctum leaf were carried out in albino mice up to the dose level of 2000 mg/kg. O. sanctum at low, medium and high doses(100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, per oral), respectively and Glimepiride ?(half) therapeutic dose, therapeutic dose and 2 time therapeutic dose(0.036, 0.072 and 0.144 mg/200 g, per oral) were selected. After the treatment with O. sanctum and Glimepiride as single doses and in various combinations of these two drugs in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats serum glucose levels in all the groups were analysed by the glucose oxidase-peroxidase method. When administered alone as single doses both aqueous extract of O. sanctum leaf and Glimepiride produced a significant anti-diabetic effect in diabetic rats. The anti-diabetic effect observed with combination of aqueous extract of O. sanctum leaf and Glimepiride was significant and more when compared to either of the drugs given alone. There was a definite interaction that necessitates dose readjustment of Glimepiride and further glucose levels are to be frequently monitored to avoid complication of hypoglycemic condition with aqueous extract of O. sanctum leaf and Glimepiride combination.
基金supported by Science and Engineering Research Board(SERB)Department of Science and Technology,Government of India(SR/FT/LS–07/2012)
文摘Objective: To evaluate the effects of Oscimum sanctum L(O. sanctum), an important medicinal herb, on alcohol withdrawal syndrome in Wistar rats. Methods: Liquid diet with 7.2%, v/v ethanol was administered to the rats for 21 d. Control group animals received sucrose as an isocaloric liquid diet. After alcohol withdrawal, rats were examined at 6 th and 24 th hour for major withdrawal signs that included anxiety and hyper locomotor activity. Ethanol withdrawal anxiety was tested using elevated plus maze, light and dark model; the hyper locomotor activity using actophotometer. O. sanctum leaf extract(100, 200 and 300 mg/kg, oral) and diazepam(2 mg/kg, i.p) were administered to the treatment group animals 30 min before alcohol withdrawal estimation. Drug treatment was also given 30 min before the second observation at 24 th hour. On the last day of the protocol, rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation liver, kidney and brain were isolated and preserved in formalin for further histopathological examination. Results: Findings from the present study revealed that O. Sanctum leaf extract treatment at doses 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg, oral had a significant protective effect on signs and symptoms of ethanol withdrawal in alcohol-dependent rats. However, no remarkable pathological and microscopic alterations were observed in histopathological examination. Conclusions: O. sanctum seems to be an active drug for the treatment of alcohol abstinence syndrome.
文摘In this study, we compared the in vitro antioxidant property among the selected Ocimum species (O. sanctum, O. americanum, O. basilicum and O. gratissimum) and hepatoprotective activities of their extracts against CCl4 induced intoxication. The results suggested that the four species of Ocimum genus showed variability in Phenolic content and in vitro antioxi-dant activity against DPPH, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals in the following manner: O. sanctum > O. americanum > O. basilicum > O. gratissimum respec-tively. Based on serum AST, ALT, ALP and T. Bil levels, the alcoholic extracts of Ocimum species showed a significant dose dependent (250 mg and 500 mg and 750 mg/kg p.o.) and a protective effect against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. The results further revealed that the potential hepatoprotective activity of Ocimum sanctum among the Ocimum species.
文摘Many members of the Labiatae family are used in traditional and folk medicine and also used as culinary and ornamental plants. Leaves are the most used plants parts of this family. Ethanolic extract of the leaves, stem, seeds of Leucas zeylanica, Ocimum canum, Ocimum sanctum and leaves of Mentha arvensis, Ocimum basilicum were subjected to phytochemical screening and antifungal assays against Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Trichoderma sp., Mucor sp., Rhizopus sp. was determined by using the agar streaking assay method after 48 and 72 hours of incubation. All parts of the plants were found to contain flavonoid/s and alkaloid/s except for the absence of alkaloids in seeds of L. zeylanica and stem of O. sanctum respectively. Tannins were present in all parts of plants such as L. zeylanica, O. canum, M. arvensis and absent in O. sanctum and O. basilicum. Phlobatannins were only present in leaves of L. zeylanica and saponins were present only in leaves of O. basilicum. The leaves of L. zeylanica, O. basilicum, M. arvensis, O. sanctum and seeds of O. sanctum and O. canum showed the presence of steroids. Terpenoids were present in all parts of O. sanctum and O. canum than the other plants. The cardiac glycosides were present in all parts of O. sanctum than the other plants tested. Leaves of O. sanctum and M. arvensis exhibited strong positive antifungal activity against Aspergillus sp. Leaves of O. canum, O. basilicum and M. arvensis and stem of O. canum showed strong positive activity against Mucor sp. L. zeylanica only exhibited the antifungal activity against Mucor sp. Penicillium sp. was inhibited by the leaves and seeds extracts of O. sanctum. Degree of activity was low in L. zeylanica compared with other plant extracts. Most of these plant parts did not show any activity against Trichoderma sp. and Rhizopus sp. This study revealed that the antifungal activity of leaves of these plants was high than other plant parts against tested fungi.
基金supported by the Swedish International Development Agency (Sida)
文摘A study was conducted to examine the germination requirements of Cedrela odorata, Guaiacum sanctum and Calycophyllum candidissimum seeds, and the effect of light intensity on survival and growth of C.odorata and G.sanctum seedlings planted on open, partially-open and beneath the canopy of a dry forest in Nicaragua.The results show that germination of C.candidissimum seeds was significantly higher in light than darkness at constant temperatures ranging from 20-35oC.Both C.odorata and G.sanctum seeds germinated in light and darkness to a varying extent, and the optimal germination temperature was around 20-25oC.Alternating temperature regimes did not improve germination.Survival of G.sanctum seedlings was 70% beneath the canopy and 80% in the open, and its relative growth rate in collar diameter was 1.88 mm/month in the open and 1.42 mm/month in the understory.Survival was generally poor for C.odorata, particularly in the understory.We concluded that light is an absolute requirement for the germination of C.candidissimum seeds while germination of C.odorata and G.sanctum seeds are more sensitive to temperature.Owing to its high survival rate on open site, G.sanctum could serve as a candidate species for reforestation of degraded sites.
文摘The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of aqueous extracts of Ocimum sanctum L. leaves on blood glucose, serum lipid profile and anti-oxidative activity to protect various risk organs in DM rats. Ocimum sanctum L. leaves were extracted using water, then the total phenolic content was determined. Three groups of male Wistar rats were used including normal control rats, DM rats and DM rats daily fed with aqueous extracts of Ocimum sanctum L. leaves (AQOS) for three weeks. DM rats were induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (65 mg/kgbw). The results show that three weeks of diabetic induction increased blood glucose, serum lipid profile and serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, CK-MB, creatinine and BUN. AQOS significantly decreased blood glucose, serum lipid profile and serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, CK-MB, creatinine and BUN. The low level of serum insulin was also raised by AQOS. AQOS suppressed high TBARS level and raised the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the liver, kidney and cardiac tis- sues. Histopathological results show that AQOS preserved the liver, kidney and myocardial tissues. It can be concluded that AQOS had anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic, and free radical sca- venging effects providing organ protection from diabetes. The phenolic compounds contained in AQOS might be responsible for these activities.
文摘Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial activity of Ocimum sanctum(O.sanctum) leaf extract, alone,and in combination with chloramphenicol(C) and trimethoprim(Tm) against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi(S.typhi).Methods:The antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of tulsi, 0.sanctum,leaf(TLE:500μg) for 23 S.typhi isolates was determined following agar diffusion. The C(30μg) and Tm(5μg) activity alone and in combination with TLE(250μg) was determined by disk diffusion.The zone diameter of inhibition(ZDI) for the agents was recorded, and growth inhibitory indices(Glls) were calculated.Results:The S.typhi isolates(n=23),which were resistant to both C(ZDI 6 mm) and Tm(ZDI 6 mm),had TLE(500μg) ZDIs 16-24 mm.The ZDIs of C and Tm were increased up to 15-21 mm and 17-23 mm,respectively,when TLE(250μg) was added to the C and Tm discs.The Glls ranged 0.789-1.235 and 0.894-1.352,due to combined activity against S.typhi isolates,of C and TLE and Tm and TLE.respeclivelv.Conclusions:The data suggest that TLE,in combination with C and Tm,had synergistic activity for S.typhi isolates, and hence O.sanclum is potential in combating S.typhi drug resistance,as well promising in the development of non-antibiotic drug for S.typhi infection.
文摘AIM: To evaluate and compare the hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory effects of Curcuma longa (CL), Ocimum sanctum (OS), Tinospora cordifolia (TC) and Zizyphus mauritiana (ZM) on liver injury and immunosuppression induced by Isoniazid (INH), Rifampicin (RIF) and Pyrazinamide (PZA). METHODS: Duncan Hartley guinea pigs, weighing 700-1050 g, were treated orally with 50 mg/kg of INH, 100 mg/kg of RIF and 300 mg/Kg of PZA for 21-d. 200 mg/kg (bw) of each herb crude extract was administered to the herb control group and 2-h previous to INH + RIF + PZA (AKT) doses to the Herb + AKT groups. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspertate aminotransferase (AST) bilirubin and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) were assessed on d 0 and 21 in all the groups. Phagocytic % (P%), Phagocytic Index (PI) and Chemotactic Index (CI) were also measured as immunologic parameters. Histological analysis was carried out to assess injury to the liver. RESULTS: The AKT treated control group showed hepatotoxicity as judged by elevated serum AST 5-fold, AST/ALT ratio 4-fold, ALP 2-fold and hepatological changes, such as focal necrosis, portal triaditis and steatosis. Immune function was suppressed as judged by decreased P% (51.67 ?1.68 vs 40.61 ?1.28, P < 0.01), PI (2.0725±0.05 vs 0.61±0.05, P < 0.001) and CI (1.8525±0.04 vs 0.695±0.07, P < 0.001). All four herb treated groups showed normal liver histology, enzyme levels and increased P%, while PI and CI were enhanced in the TC and ZM treated groups, respectively. CL + AKT, TC + AKT and ZM + AKT showed nearly normal histology with minimal inflammation and microvesicular steatosis, while OS + AKT showed partial protection. Hepatotoxicity was prevented by restricting the rise of AST by 2-fold in CL + AKT and TC + AKT groups and by 3-fold in OS + AKT and ZM + AKT groups, AST/ALT by 2-fold and ALP to normal levels in all four groups. All four herb + AKT groups showed normal to enhanced neutrophil function. CONCLUSION: All four herbs showed hepatoprotective potential and prevented immunosuppression
文摘A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of growth regulators on growth characteristics such as root length,shoot length,total leaf area,number of inflorescence per plant,number of flower per inflorescence,whole plant fresh weight and whole plant dry weight.Photosynthetic characteristics were also analyzed based on the same experiment.For this,various photosynthetic pigment contents such as chlorophyll,carotenoid,anthocyanin and xanthophyll content were calculated.The conventional growth regulator abscisic acid(ABA)and non-conventional growth regulator triazole compound paclobutrazol(PBZ)were used.Root length increased due to growth regulator treatment,but shoot length decreased.Leaf area was decreased due to growth regulator treatment.The number of inflorescence increased in ABA treated plants,but it was decreased in PBZ treated plants.In ABA treated plants,the number of flowers per inflorescence was increased.In PBZ treated plants the number of inflorescence was reduced.The whole plant fresh weight(FW)and dry weight(DW)were increased in ABA and PBZ treated plants.There was an increase in chlorophyll content in growth regulator treated plants compared to control,and it was more in PBZ treated plants.The carotenoid content was also increased in ABA and PBZ treated plants.
基金The research work was supported by grants received from CAAST-ACLH(No.NAHEP/CAAST/2018-19)of ICAR-World Bank-funded National Agricultural Higher Education Project(NAHEP).
文摘Holy basil(Tulsi,Ocimum sanctum)is considered to be a pious plant.It is used not only in many of the rituals of Hindus but is also known for its innumerable medicinal qualities.Holy basil leaves(HBLs)are often consumed raw thus it is pertinent to detect the bacteria on Tulsi leaves.This study was conducted to understand the diversity of the aerobically growing microbiome of edible holy basil leaves.A total of 112 samples of leaves were collected from households of six localities in and around Bareilly,India for detecting culturable bacteria growing aerobically.A sum of 579 bacterial isolates belonging to 106 different species was identified.Pantoea agglomerans isolates were detected in 43 samples followed by isolates Virgibacillus pantothenticus(21),Bacillus coagulans(18),Bacillus cereus(17),Geobacillus stearothermophilus(16),Klebsiella pneumoniae(13),Citrobacter freundii(12),Lysinibacillus sphaericus(12),Acinetobacter calcoaceticus(11),Escherichia coli(11),and Xenorhabdus bovienii(11).Isolates of 95 species of bacteria were detected on<10 samples of HBLs.Of 579 isolates,161 isolates detected in 68(60.71%)samples were of putatively good bacteria belonging to eight genera(Bacillus,Brevibacillus,Lysinibacillus,Paenibacillus,Photobacter,Siccibacter,Virgibacillus,Xenoirhabdus)and 23 species.However,418 bacterial isolates detected in 108(96.43%)of the HBL samples were classified as potentially pathogenic for humans and animals belonging to 34 genera and 73 species.There were only four samples(three from Mahanagar and one from Bhojipura)that had no potential pathogenic bacteria detected in this study.The analysis indicated that HBL leaves from the ICAR-IVRI campus had a lower probability(P<0.04)of harbouring good bacteria than samples from Bhojpura,Mahanagar,North City and Rajendra Nagar.Cinnamaldehyde inhibiting 96.72%of the isolates and carvacrol inhibiting 96.37%of the isolates were the best herbal antimicrobials and among antibiotics,meropenem inhibited 98.96%of bacterial isolates.Antimicrobial resistance in non-pa
文摘Objective:To investigate the effect of Ocimum sanctum hydroalcoholic extract(OSHE)on seizure control and neuronal injury in rats with lithium-pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus(SE).Methods:SE was induced by administering lithium chloride followed by pilocarpine 24 h later.OSHE was administered either alone or in combination with valproate(VPA)3 days before SE induction until 14 days post-SE induction.Seizure parameters were recorded on day 1(0-3 h),day 1-3 and day 4-14 post-SE.On day 14 post-SE,neurobehavioural tests(elevated plus maze and passive avoidance)were done followed by total antioxidant capacity,neuron-specific enolase,immunohistochemistry,and electron microscopic assessment in the hippocampus and cortex tissue.Results:OSHE+VPA provided more significant seizure protection(75%)than VPA(62.5%),OSHE(62.5%),or SE control(12.5%)(overall P=0.003).The latency to stage-3/4 seizures was increased and the number of stage-3/4 seizures was reduced in all treatment groups compared to the SE control group(P=0.002 and<0.001,respectively).The OSHE+VPA group also had better memory retention than other treatment groups(P<0.001)in the passive avoidance test.Total antioxidant capacity level was significantly higher and neuron-specific enolase was lower in the OSHE and OSHE+VPA groups compared to the SE control group.Electron microscopic study showed significant myelin sheath damage(67.5%,P<0.05)and axonal degeneration(51.8%,P<0.001)in the hippocampus of the SE control group,which were alleviated by OSHE or OSHE+VPA treatment.In immunohistochemical analysis,the OSHE,OSHE+VPA,and VPA groups had a significantly higher number of viable neurons and less neuronal loss compared to the SE control in the hippocampus(P<0.001).Conclusions:OSHE either alone or in combination with VPA shows better seizure control by preservation of neuronal echotexture and reducing oxidative stress in the hippocampus.
