Mixing behaviors of equal-sized glass beads in a rotating drum were investigated by both DEM simula- tions and experiments. The experiments indicated that higher rotation speed can significantly enhance mixing. The pa...Mixing behaviors of equal-sized glass beads in a rotating drum were investigated by both DEM simula- tions and experiments. The experiments indicated that higher rotation speed can significantly enhance mixing. The particle profiles predicted by 2D DEM simulation were compared with the experimental results from a quasi-2D drum, showing inconsistency due to reduction of contacts in the single-layer 2D simulation which makes the driving friction weaker than that in the quasi-2D test, better results could be reached by specifying a higher frictional coefficient between the particles and the cylinder wall. In order to explore the influences of physical properties （density, size or friction） on mixing behavior, numerical 2D simulations were carried out systematically, in which one examined specific property being examined was exaggerated while the others were kept the same as that in the control group. The DEM simulations reveal that particle density and size are the dominating factors affecting mixing behaviors, while the effect of frictional coefficient is less significant. However, segregation due to any of the factors can be diminished by specifying a proper particle size distribution （multi-size with lower size ratio）. 2009 Chinese Society of Particuology and Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.展开更多
滚筒是工业过程中处理固体颗粒的一种常用设备,本文采用离散元(Discrete Element Method,DEM)方法软球模型对滚筒内两种粒径颗粒运动进行模拟。针对不同转速下颗粒分布,提出了表观混合指数和动态混合指数来衡量两种颗粒的混合程度。利...滚筒是工业过程中处理固体颗粒的一种常用设备,本文采用离散元(Discrete Element Method,DEM)方法软球模型对滚筒内两种粒径颗粒运动进行模拟。针对不同转速下颗粒分布,提出了表观混合指数和动态混合指数来衡量两种颗粒的混合程度。利用混合指数,对于颗粒混合随时间的变化进行了研究。结果显示了不同转速下迥异的分布特性。同时,对于不同转速下二元颗粒的混合与分离,分析探究了其内部机理。最后,从能量角度探究了不同转速下滚筒内颗粒运动。展开更多
The optimization of the drum structure is beneficial to improve the particle motion and mixing in rotary drums.In this work,two kinds of drum structures,Lacy cylinder drum(LC)and Lacy-lifters cylinder drum(LLC),are de...The optimization of the drum structure is beneficial to improve the particle motion and mixing in rotary drums.In this work,two kinds of drum structures,Lacy cylinder drum(LC)and Lacy-lifters cylinder drum(LLC),are developed on the basic of cylinder drum to enhance the heat transfer area.The particle motion and mixing process are simulated by DEM method.Based on the grid independence and model validation,the contact number between particles and wall,particle velocity profile,thickness of active layer,particle exchange coefficient,particle concentration profile and mixing index are demonstrated.The influences of the drum structure and the operation parameters are further evaluated.The results show that the contact number between particles and wall is improved in LC and LLC compared to cylinder drum.The particle velocity in LC is higher than that in cylinder drum at high rotating speed,and the particle velocity of the particle falling region is significantly improved in LLC.Compared to cylinder drum and LC,the thickness of active layer in LLC is smaller,while the local particle mixing quality is proved to be the best in the active region.In addition,the particle exchange coefficients between static region and active region in the three drums are compared and LLC is found tending to weaken the particle flow.Besides,the fluctuations of particle concentration in the active region,static region,and boundary region are weakened in LLC,and the equilibrium state is reached earlier.In addition,the overall particle mixing performance in cylinder drum,LC and LLC is analyzed.The particle mixing performance in cylinder drum is the worst,while the difference in mixing quality of LC and LLC depends on the operation conditions.展开更多
The theory of flow similarity has not been well established for granular flows, in contrast to the case for conventional fluids, owing to a lack of reliable and general constitutive laws for their continuum descrip- t...The theory of flow similarity has not been well established for granular flows, in contrast to the case for conventional fluids, owing to a lack of reliable and general constitutive laws for their continuum descrip- tion. A rigorous investigation of the similarity of velocity fields in different granular systems would he valuable to theoretical studies. However, experimental measurements face technological and physical problems. Numerical simulations that employ the discrete element method （DEM） may be an alterna- tive to experiments by providing similar results, where quantitative analysis could be implemented with virtually no limitation. In this study, the similarity of velocity fields is investigated for the rolling regime of rotating drums by conducting simulations based on the DEM and using graphics processing units. For a constant Froude number, it is found that the particle-to-drum size ratio plays a dominant role in the determination of the velocity field, while the velocity field is much more sensitive to some material properties than to others. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of establishing theoretical similarity laws for granular flows.展开更多
Complex segregation occurs in a binary particle system with differing particle sizes and densities,particularly when the larger particles are heavier(S–D system,i.e.,size minus density system).Predicting the segregat...Complex segregation occurs in a binary particle system with differing particle sizes and densities,particularly when the larger particles are heavier(S–D system,i.e.,size minus density system).Predicting the segregation pattern driven by multiple mechanisms simultaneously is often challenging.This study explores the segregation mechanisms in a quasi-2D circular drum containing a S–D system,realizing a transition between the S-core and Core-and-band patterns by adjusting the drum rotation speed.During the transition of the segregation pattern,only the S-core pattern chiefly driven by the percolation mechanism is initially observed.As the rotation speed increases,the buoyancy mechanism and particle diffusion gradually strengthen,jointly driving the formation of the Core-and-band pattern.A dimensionless strength ratio,λ=H/h,where H and h respectively represent the diffusion and buoyancy strengths at length scales,is introduced to elucidate this transition.The Core-and-band pattern emerges whenλreached 1.4.展开更多
Taking simultaneous variations in both particle volume and density into account, the radial mixing and segregation of binary granular bed in a rotating drum half loaded were investigated by a 3D discrete element metho...Taking simultaneous variations in both particle volume and density into account, the radial mixing and segregation of binary granular bed in a rotating drum half loaded were investigated by a 3D discrete element method. Then, based on the competition theory of condensation and percolation, radial segregation due to differences in particle volume and/or density was analyzed. The results show that if either percolation effect induced by volume difference or condensation effect induced by density difference dominates in the active layer of moving bed, separation will occur. Controlling the volume ratio or density ratio of the two types of particles can achieve an equilibrium state between percolation and condensation, and then homogenous mixture can be obtained. When the percolation balances with the condensation, the relationship between volume ratioand density ratiopresents nearly a power function. Scaling up a rotating drum will not affect the mixing degree of the granular bed so long as the volume ratio and density ratio are predefined.展开更多
Radial segregation easily occurs in a horizontal rotating drum partially filled with particles of different properties under various operational conditions.DEM(discrete element method)simulations and experiments were ...Radial segregation easily occurs in a horizontal rotating drum partially filled with particles of different properties under various operational conditions.DEM(discrete element method)simulations and experiments were combined together to investigate the segregation of bi-disperse particles of the same density but unequal sizes in a quasi-two-dimensional horizontal rotating drum.A linear spring-dashpot model was adopted in simulations.An easy and effective image analysis was conducted for the segregation/mixing of particles of different sizes.By comparing the repose angles,degrees of segregation,and particular phenomenon("sun pattern"and reverse segregation)in simulations under different operating conditions with those in experiments,the discrete-element model is verified.The effects of rotational speed and volume ratio on radial segregation are also considered systematically.From an analysis of the results of experiments and simulations,the degree of segregation generally decreases with increasing rotational speed,whereas the volume ratio shows different influences on segregation in different flow regimes.Moreover,the mechanism underlying the reverse segregation in the cataracting regime has been clarified as well.展开更多
The coarse-grained discrete element method(DEM)is probably a feasible option for simulating an actual drum-type biomass boiler,which contains over 10 million cylinder particles.A multi-level study was conducted based ...The coarse-grained discrete element method(DEM)is probably a feasible option for simulating an actual drum-type biomass boiler,which contains over 10 million cylinder particles.A multi-level study was conducted based on particle and coarse-grained level data to evaluate the adequacy of the coarse-grained approach in terms of geometrical characteristics,kinematic features,and dynamic properties.Two scaling laws for contact parameters were used and compared during the simulations.The results show that the coarse-grained approach can accurately predict the positions of the free surface and active-passive interface,the mixing index,and the orientation properties.Deviations in the velocity fields may occur due to the worse flowability of coarse-grained particles near the free surface.The efficiency is significantly improved by the coarse-grained model compared with the corresponding original case(the same DEM code without a coarse-grained model was used for the original simulations).展开更多
In a binary granular system composed of two types of particles with different granule sizes and the same density,particle sorting occurs easily during the flow process.The segregation pattern structure is mainly affec...In a binary granular system composed of two types of particles with different granule sizes and the same density,particle sorting occurs easily during the flow process.The segregation pattern structure is mainly affected by the granular velocity and granular concentration in the flow layer.This paper reports on the experimental velocity and concentration measurement results for spherical particles in a quasi-two-dimensional rotating drum.The relationship between the granular velocity along the depth direction of the flow layer and granular concentration was established to characterize structures with different degrees of segregation.The corresponding relationships between the granular velocity and concentration and the segregation pattern were further analyzed to improve the theoretical models of segregation(convection-diffusion model and continuous flow model)and provide a reference for granular segregation control in the production process.展开更多
基金funded by National Science Foundation of China(Grant No. 10872214)
文摘Mixing behaviors of equal-sized glass beads in a rotating drum were investigated by both DEM simula- tions and experiments. The experiments indicated that higher rotation speed can significantly enhance mixing. The particle profiles predicted by 2D DEM simulation were compared with the experimental results from a quasi-2D drum, showing inconsistency due to reduction of contacts in the single-layer 2D simulation which makes the driving friction weaker than that in the quasi-2D test, better results could be reached by specifying a higher frictional coefficient between the particles and the cylinder wall. In order to explore the influences of physical properties （density, size or friction） on mixing behavior, numerical 2D simulations were carried out systematically, in which one examined specific property being examined was exaggerated while the others were kept the same as that in the control group. The DEM simulations reveal that particle density and size are the dominating factors affecting mixing behaviors, while the effect of frictional coefficient is less significant. However, segregation due to any of the factors can be diminished by specifying a proper particle size distribution （multi-size with lower size ratio）. 2009 Chinese Society of Particuology and Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
文摘滚筒是工业过程中处理固体颗粒的一种常用设备,本文采用离散元(Discrete Element Method,DEM)方法软球模型对滚筒内两种粒径颗粒运动进行模拟。针对不同转速下颗粒分布,提出了表观混合指数和动态混合指数来衡量两种颗粒的混合程度。利用混合指数,对于颗粒混合随时间的变化进行了研究。结果显示了不同转速下迥异的分布特性。同时,对于不同转速下二元颗粒的混合与分离,分析探究了其内部机理。最后,从能量角度探究了不同转速下滚筒内颗粒运动。
文摘The optimization of the drum structure is beneficial to improve the particle motion and mixing in rotary drums.In this work,two kinds of drum structures,Lacy cylinder drum(LC)and Lacy-lifters cylinder drum(LLC),are developed on the basic of cylinder drum to enhance the heat transfer area.The particle motion and mixing process are simulated by DEM method.Based on the grid independence and model validation,the contact number between particles and wall,particle velocity profile,thickness of active layer,particle exchange coefficient,particle concentration profile and mixing index are demonstrated.The influences of the drum structure and the operation parameters are further evaluated.The results show that the contact number between particles and wall is improved in LC and LLC compared to cylinder drum.The particle velocity in LC is higher than that in cylinder drum at high rotating speed,and the particle velocity of the particle falling region is significantly improved in LLC.Compared to cylinder drum and LC,the thickness of active layer in LLC is smaller,while the local particle mixing quality is proved to be the best in the active region.In addition,the particle exchange coefficients between static region and active region in the three drums are compared and LLC is found tending to weaken the particle flow.Besides,the fluctuations of particle concentration in the active region,static region,and boundary region are weakened in LLC,and the equilibrium state is reached earlier.In addition,the overall particle mixing performance in cylinder drum,LC and LLC is analyzed.The particle mixing performance in cylinder drum is the worst,while the difference in mixing quality of LC and LLC depends on the operation conditions.
基金supported by the National Key Basic Research Program of China under grant no.2015CB251402the NationalNatural Science Foundation of China under grant nos.21206167, 21225628,and 51106168the Chinese Academy of Sciences under grant nos.XDA07080203(the Strategic Priority Research Program) and XXH12503-02-03-03
文摘The theory of flow similarity has not been well established for granular flows, in contrast to the case for conventional fluids, owing to a lack of reliable and general constitutive laws for their continuum descrip- tion. A rigorous investigation of the similarity of velocity fields in different granular systems would he valuable to theoretical studies. However, experimental measurements face technological and physical problems. Numerical simulations that employ the discrete element method （DEM） may be an alterna- tive to experiments by providing similar results, where quantitative analysis could be implemented with virtually no limitation. In this study, the similarity of velocity fields is investigated for the rolling regime of rotating drums by conducting simulations based on the DEM and using graphics processing units. For a constant Froude number, it is found that the particle-to-drum size ratio plays a dominant role in the determination of the velocity field, while the velocity field is much more sensitive to some material properties than to others. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of establishing theoretical similarity laws for granular flows.
基金supported by Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(grant No.2015ASKJ01)National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant Nos.12072200,12372384)Program of Shanghai Academic Research Leader(grant No.23XD1421400).
文摘Complex segregation occurs in a binary particle system with differing particle sizes and densities,particularly when the larger particles are heavier(S–D system,i.e.,size minus density system).Predicting the segregation pattern driven by multiple mechanisms simultaneously is often challenging.This study explores the segregation mechanisms in a quasi-2D circular drum containing a S–D system,realizing a transition between the S-core and Core-and-band patterns by adjusting the drum rotation speed.During the transition of the segregation pattern,only the S-core pattern chiefly driven by the percolation mechanism is initially observed.As the rotation speed increases,the buoyancy mechanism and particle diffusion gradually strengthen,jointly driving the formation of the Core-and-band pattern.A dimensionless strength ratio,λ=H/h,where H and h respectively represent the diffusion and buoyancy strengths at length scales,is introduced to elucidate this transition.The Core-and-band pattern emerges whenλreached 1.4.
基金Projects(5137424151275531)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(CX2014B059)supported by the Innovation Foundation for Postgraduate of Hunan Province,China
文摘Taking simultaneous variations in both particle volume and density into account, the radial mixing and segregation of binary granular bed in a rotating drum half loaded were investigated by a 3D discrete element method. Then, based on the competition theory of condensation and percolation, radial segregation due to differences in particle volume and/or density was analyzed. The results show that if either percolation effect induced by volume difference or condensation effect induced by density difference dominates in the active layer of moving bed, separation will occur. Controlling the volume ratio or density ratio of the two types of particles can achieve an equilibrium state between percolation and condensation, and then homogenous mixture can be obtained. When the percolation balances with the condensation, the relationship between volume ratioand density ratiopresents nearly a power function. Scaling up a rotating drum will not affect the mixing degree of the granular bed so long as the volume ratio and density ratio are predefined.
基金We acknowledge the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,Grant Nos.21476193.51741608).
文摘Radial segregation easily occurs in a horizontal rotating drum partially filled with particles of different properties under various operational conditions.DEM(discrete element method)simulations and experiments were combined together to investigate the segregation of bi-disperse particles of the same density but unequal sizes in a quasi-two-dimensional horizontal rotating drum.A linear spring-dashpot model was adopted in simulations.An easy and effective image analysis was conducted for the segregation/mixing of particles of different sizes.By comparing the repose angles,degrees of segregation,and particular phenomenon("sun pattern"and reverse segregation)in simulations under different operating conditions with those in experiments,the discrete-element model is verified.The effects of rotational speed and volume ratio on radial segregation are also considered systematically.From an analysis of the results of experiments and simulations,the degree of segregation generally decreases with increasing rotational speed,whereas the volume ratio shows different influences on segregation in different flow regimes.Moreover,the mechanism underlying the reverse segregation in the cataracting regime has been clarified as well.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant No.52205172 and 52075489)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province of China(grant No.LY23E050015)the Basic Public Welfare Research Program of Zhejiang Province(grant No.LGG20E050017).
文摘The coarse-grained discrete element method(DEM)is probably a feasible option for simulating an actual drum-type biomass boiler,which contains over 10 million cylinder particles.A multi-level study was conducted based on particle and coarse-grained level data to evaluate the adequacy of the coarse-grained approach in terms of geometrical characteristics,kinematic features,and dynamic properties.Two scaling laws for contact parameters were used and compared during the simulations.The results show that the coarse-grained approach can accurately predict the positions of the free surface and active-passive interface,the mixing index,and the orientation properties.Deviations in the velocity fields may occur due to the worse flowability of coarse-grained particles near the free surface.The efficiency is significantly improved by the coarse-grained model compared with the corresponding original case(the same DEM code without a coarse-grained model was used for the original simulations).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant Nos.11972212,12072200,12002213)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (grant No.20ZR1438800).
文摘In a binary granular system composed of two types of particles with different granule sizes and the same density,particle sorting occurs easily during the flow process.The segregation pattern structure is mainly affected by the granular velocity and granular concentration in the flow layer.This paper reports on the experimental velocity and concentration measurement results for spherical particles in a quasi-two-dimensional rotating drum.The relationship between the granular velocity along the depth direction of the flow layer and granular concentration was established to characterize structures with different degrees of segregation.The corresponding relationships between the granular velocity and concentration and the segregation pattern were further analyzed to improve the theoretical models of segregation(convection-diffusion model and continuous flow model)and provide a reference for granular segregation control in the production process.
