Resistance genes enable plants to fight against plant pathogens. Plant resistance genes （R gene） are organized complexly in genome. Some resistance gene sequence data enable an insight into R gene structure and gene...Resistance genes enable plants to fight against plant pathogens. Plant resistance genes （R gene） are organized complexly in genome. Some resistance gene sequence data enable an insight into R gene structure and gene evolution. Some sites like Leucine-Rich Repeat （LRR） are of specific interest since homologous recombination can happen. Crossing over, transposon insertion and excision and mutation can produce new specificity. Three models explaining R gene evolution were discussed. More information needed for dissection of R gene evolution though some step can be inferred from genetic and sequence analysis.展开更多
There is now general concern about widespread antibiotic resistance,and growing evidence indicates that gut microbiota is critical in providing antibiotic resistance.Honeybee is an important pollinator;the incidence o...There is now general concern about widespread antibiotic resistance,and growing evidence indicates that gut microbiota is critical in providing antibiotic resistance.Honeybee is an important pollinator;the incidence of antibiotic resistance genes in honeybee gut causes potential risks to not only its own health but also to public and animal health,for its potential disseminator role,thus receiving more attention from the public.Recent analysis results reveal that the gut of honeybee serves as a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes,probably due to antibiotics application history in beekeeping and horizontal gene transfer from the highly polluted environment.These antibiotic resistance genes accumulate in the honeybee gut and could be transferred to the pathogen,even having the potential to spread during pollination,tending,social interactions,etc.Newly acquired resistance traits may cause fitness reduction in bacteria whereas facilitating adaptive evolution as well.This review outlines the current knowledge about the resistome in honeybee gut and emphasizes its role in antibiotic resistance dissemination.展开更多
文摘Resistance genes enable plants to fight against plant pathogens. Plant resistance genes （R gene） are organized complexly in genome. Some resistance gene sequence data enable an insight into R gene structure and gene evolution. Some sites like Leucine-Rich Repeat （LRR） are of specific interest since homologous recombination can happen. Crossing over, transposon insertion and excision and mutation can produce new specificity. Three models explaining R gene evolution were discussed. More information needed for dissection of R gene evolution though some step can be inferred from genetic and sequence analysis.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Projects 32000346 and 32170495.
文摘There is now general concern about widespread antibiotic resistance,and growing evidence indicates that gut microbiota is critical in providing antibiotic resistance.Honeybee is an important pollinator;the incidence of antibiotic resistance genes in honeybee gut causes potential risks to not only its own health but also to public and animal health,for its potential disseminator role,thus receiving more attention from the public.Recent analysis results reveal that the gut of honeybee serves as a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes,probably due to antibiotics application history in beekeeping and horizontal gene transfer from the highly polluted environment.These antibiotic resistance genes accumulate in the honeybee gut and could be transferred to the pathogen,even having the potential to spread during pollination,tending,social interactions,etc.Newly acquired resistance traits may cause fitness reduction in bacteria whereas facilitating adaptive evolution as well.This review outlines the current knowledge about the resistome in honeybee gut and emphasizes its role in antibiotic resistance dissemination.
