解释群落的物种多样性大小是生态学研究的一个重要的理论和实践问题。人们提出了群落物种多样性的多种假说,Zobel等人提出的种库假说(species pool hypothesis)是生物多样性理论研究的重要发展。该假说认为,一个群落的物种多样性不仅与...解释群落的物种多样性大小是生态学研究的一个重要的理论和实践问题。人们提出了群落物种多样性的多种假说,Zobel等人提出的种库假说(species pool hypothesis)是生物多样性理论研究的重要发展。该假说认为,一个群落的物种多样性不仅与环境条件和生态过程(ecological process)(如竞争、捕食)有关,也受区域种库(regional species pool)的限制。区域种库是指一个地区可进入某一群落的潜在物种数量,它由地史过程(如冰期、地质年代)和区域过程(物种形成、迁移扩散以及消亡)所决定。按照种库假说,某一生境类型的面积越大,地质年代越古老,物种形成的机会也就越多,因而能适应和分布于该生境的物种也就越多,实际群落中的物种丰富度也就越高。种库在空间上主要有两个层次:区域种库和实际种库,前者指某一生境所拥有的潜在物种数量,主要由生物地理过程(biogeographic processes)所决定;后者则为调查的群落中实际出现的物种数量,主要由竞争等生态过程和区域种库共同决定。本文对种库假说的基本概念、主要内容、种库确定方法等作了介绍,并阐述了作者对这些问题的理解和认识。展开更多
Numerical weather prediction(NWP) is a core technology in weather forecast and disaster mitigation. China’s NWP research and operational applications have been attached great importance by the meteorological communit...Numerical weather prediction(NWP) is a core technology in weather forecast and disaster mitigation. China’s NWP research and operational applications have been attached great importance by the meteorological community.Fundamental achievements have been made in the theories, methods, and NWP model development in China, which are of certain international impacts. In this paper, the scientific and technological progress of NWP in China since1949 is summarized. The current status and recent progress of the domestically developed NWP system-GRAPES(Global/Regional Assimilation and Pr Ediction System) are presented. Through independent research and development in the past 10 years, the operational GRAPES system has been established, which includes both regional and global deterministic and ensemble prediction models, with resolutions of 3-10 km for regional and 25-50 km for global forecasts. Major improvements include establishment of a new non-hydrostatic dynamic core, setup of four-dimensional variational data assimilation, and development of associated satellite application. As members of the GRAPES system, prediction models for atmospheric chemistry and air pollution, tropical cyclones, and ocean waves have also been developed and put into operational use. The GRAPES system has been an important milestone in NWP science and technology in China.展开更多
文摘解释群落的物种多样性大小是生态学研究的一个重要的理论和实践问题。人们提出了群落物种多样性的多种假说,Zobel等人提出的种库假说(species pool hypothesis)是生物多样性理论研究的重要发展。该假说认为,一个群落的物种多样性不仅与环境条件和生态过程(ecological process)(如竞争、捕食)有关,也受区域种库(regional species pool)的限制。区域种库是指一个地区可进入某一群落的潜在物种数量,它由地史过程(如冰期、地质年代)和区域过程(物种形成、迁移扩散以及消亡)所决定。按照种库假说,某一生境类型的面积越大,地质年代越古老,物种形成的机会也就越多,因而能适应和分布于该生境的物种也就越多,实际群落中的物种丰富度也就越高。种库在空间上主要有两个层次:区域种库和实际种库,前者指某一生境所拥有的潜在物种数量,主要由生物地理过程(biogeographic processes)所决定;后者则为调查的群落中实际出现的物种数量,主要由竞争等生态过程和区域种库共同决定。本文对种库假说的基本概念、主要内容、种库确定方法等作了介绍,并阐述了作者对这些问题的理解和认识。
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFC1501900)Middle-and Long-term Development Strategic Research Project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering(2019-ZCQ-06)。
文摘Numerical weather prediction(NWP) is a core technology in weather forecast and disaster mitigation. China’s NWP research and operational applications have been attached great importance by the meteorological community.Fundamental achievements have been made in the theories, methods, and NWP model development in China, which are of certain international impacts. In this paper, the scientific and technological progress of NWP in China since1949 is summarized. The current status and recent progress of the domestically developed NWP system-GRAPES(Global/Regional Assimilation and Pr Ediction System) are presented. Through independent research and development in the past 10 years, the operational GRAPES system has been established, which includes both regional and global deterministic and ensemble prediction models, with resolutions of 3-10 km for regional and 25-50 km for global forecasts. Major improvements include establishment of a new non-hydrostatic dynamic core, setup of four-dimensional variational data assimilation, and development of associated satellite application. As members of the GRAPES system, prediction models for atmospheric chemistry and air pollution, tropical cyclones, and ocean waves have also been developed and put into operational use. The GRAPES system has been an important milestone in NWP science and technology in China.
