Objective:This study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with oral polio vaccine(OPV)refusal.Methodology:A case-control study was conducted in Rahim Yar Khan(RYK)District,Pakistan.A case was defined as‘‘a...Objective:This study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with oral polio vaccine(OPV)refusal.Methodology:A case-control study was conducted in Rahim Yar Khan(RYK)District,Pakistan.A case was defined as‘‘any child aged<5 years who was enrolled in the microplans of RYK District as part of the National Immunization Days program in January 2017 and whose parents or guardians refused to receive OPV for these eligible children.”The age-and sex-matched controls(1:1)were obtained from the same locality.Ratios were calculated,and odds ratios(ORs)were determined at 95%confidence interval(CI)and p<0.05.Results:Among the 110 children,64(58%)were male(male to female ratio,1.4:1).The mean age was 29.5 months(range,0.26–60 months).Seventy-four(67.2%)children were living in urban areas and 29(26.3%)children were living in peri-urban and rural areas,while seven(6.3%)were considered nomads.A total of 72(65.2%)children were Punjabi speaking,33(30%)were Saraiki speaking,2(3.7%)were Urdu speaking,and 2(1.82%)were Balochi speaking.Repeated campaigns(n=91,82.7%)was the major reason for OPV refusal.Living at a distance>1 km from a healthcare facility was significantly associated(OR,2.5;95%CI,1.4–4.4;p<0.05)with OPV refusal,while prior visits by healthcare workers(OR,0.11;95%CI,0.06–0.22;p<0.05)and mother’education above primary level(OR,0.42;95%CI,0.24–0.73;p<0.05)were inversely associated with OPV refusal.Conclusion:On the basis of our recommendations,door-to-door social mobilization visits by healthcare workers to alleviate fear,misconception,and fatigue of repeated campaigns and strict accountability mechanism were developed by district government at pre-and intra-campaign levels.展开更多
Forced aeration is one of the promising ways to accelerate landfill reclamation,and understanding the relation between aeration rates and waste properties is the prerequisite to implementing forced aeration under the ...Forced aeration is one of the promising ways to accelerate landfill reclamation,and understanding the relation between aeration rates and waste properties is the prerequisite to implementing forced aeration under the target of energy saving and carbon reduction.In this work,landfill reclamation processes with forced aeration were simulated using aged refuses(ARs)of 1,4,7,10,and 13 disposal years,and the potential of field application was also investigated based on a field project,to identify the degradation rate of organic components,the O_(2)consumption efficiency and their correlations to microbes.It was found that the removal rate of organic matter declined from 20.3%(AR_(1))to 12.6%(AR_(13)),and that biodegradable matter(BDM)decreased from 5.2%to 2.4%at the set aeration rate of 0.12 L O_(2)/kg waste(Dry Matter,DM)/day.A linear relationship between the degradation rate constant(K)of BDM and disposal age(x)was established:K=−0.0002193x+0.0091(R^(2)=0.854),suggesting that BDM might be a suitable indicator to reflect the stabilization of ARs.The cellulose/lignin ratio decrease rate for AR1(18.3%)was much higher than that for AR13(3.1%),while the corresponding humic-acid/fulvic-acid ratio increased from 1.44 to 2.16.The dominant bacteria shifted from Corynebacterium(9.2%),Acinetobacter(6.6%),and Fermentimonas(6.5%),genes related to the decompose of biodegradable organics,to Stenotrophomonas(10.2%)and Clostridiales(3.7%),which were associated with humification.The aeration efficiencies of lab-scale tests were in the range of 5.4–11.8 g BDM/L O_(2)for ARs with disposal ages of 1–13 years,and in situ landfill reclamation,ARs with disposal ages of 10–18 years were around 1.9–8.8 g BDM/L O_(2),as the disposal age decreased.The increased discrepancy was observed in ARs at the lab-scale and field scale,indicating that the forced aeration rate should be adjusted based on ARs and the unit compartment combined,to reduce the operation cost.展开更多
文摘Objective:This study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with oral polio vaccine(OPV)refusal.Methodology:A case-control study was conducted in Rahim Yar Khan(RYK)District,Pakistan.A case was defined as‘‘any child aged<5 years who was enrolled in the microplans of RYK District as part of the National Immunization Days program in January 2017 and whose parents or guardians refused to receive OPV for these eligible children.”The age-and sex-matched controls(1:1)were obtained from the same locality.Ratios were calculated,and odds ratios(ORs)were determined at 95%confidence interval(CI)and p<0.05.Results:Among the 110 children,64(58%)were male(male to female ratio,1.4:1).The mean age was 29.5 months(range,0.26–60 months).Seventy-four(67.2%)children were living in urban areas and 29(26.3%)children were living in peri-urban and rural areas,while seven(6.3%)were considered nomads.A total of 72(65.2%)children were Punjabi speaking,33(30%)were Saraiki speaking,2(3.7%)were Urdu speaking,and 2(1.82%)were Balochi speaking.Repeated campaigns(n=91,82.7%)was the major reason for OPV refusal.Living at a distance>1 km from a healthcare facility was significantly associated(OR,2.5;95%CI,1.4–4.4;p<0.05)with OPV refusal,while prior visits by healthcare workers(OR,0.11;95%CI,0.06–0.22;p<0.05)and mother’education above primary level(OR,0.42;95%CI,0.24–0.73;p<0.05)were inversely associated with OPV refusal.Conclusion:On the basis of our recommendations,door-to-door social mobilization visits by healthcare workers to alleviate fear,misconception,and fatigue of repeated campaigns and strict accountability mechanism were developed by district government at pre-and intra-campaign levels.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42077111)the National Key Research and Development Plans of Special Project for Site soils(No.2018YFC1800601)the Social Development Science and Technology Project of Shanghai“Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan”(No.20dz1203401).
文摘Forced aeration is one of the promising ways to accelerate landfill reclamation,and understanding the relation between aeration rates and waste properties is the prerequisite to implementing forced aeration under the target of energy saving and carbon reduction.In this work,landfill reclamation processes with forced aeration were simulated using aged refuses(ARs)of 1,4,7,10,and 13 disposal years,and the potential of field application was also investigated based on a field project,to identify the degradation rate of organic components,the O_(2)consumption efficiency and their correlations to microbes.It was found that the removal rate of organic matter declined from 20.3%(AR_(1))to 12.6%(AR_(13)),and that biodegradable matter(BDM)decreased from 5.2%to 2.4%at the set aeration rate of 0.12 L O_(2)/kg waste(Dry Matter,DM)/day.A linear relationship between the degradation rate constant(K)of BDM and disposal age(x)was established:K=−0.0002193x+0.0091(R^(2)=0.854),suggesting that BDM might be a suitable indicator to reflect the stabilization of ARs.The cellulose/lignin ratio decrease rate for AR1(18.3%)was much higher than that for AR13(3.1%),while the corresponding humic-acid/fulvic-acid ratio increased from 1.44 to 2.16.The dominant bacteria shifted from Corynebacterium(9.2%),Acinetobacter(6.6%),and Fermentimonas(6.5%),genes related to the decompose of biodegradable organics,to Stenotrophomonas(10.2%)and Clostridiales(3.7%),which were associated with humification.The aeration efficiencies of lab-scale tests were in the range of 5.4–11.8 g BDM/L O_(2)for ARs with disposal ages of 1–13 years,and in situ landfill reclamation,ARs with disposal ages of 10–18 years were around 1.9–8.8 g BDM/L O_(2),as the disposal age decreased.The increased discrepancy was observed in ARs at the lab-scale and field scale,indicating that the forced aeration rate should be adjusted based on ARs and the unit compartment combined,to reduce the operation cost.
