In traditional power systems,besides the conventional power plants that provide the necessary reactive power in transmission system,the shunt capacitors along with the tap changers of transformers are also employed in...In traditional power systems,besides the conventional power plants that provide the necessary reactive power in transmission system,the shunt capacitors along with the tap changers of transformers are also employed in distribution networks.In future years,because of the high number of distributed resources integrated into the distribution networks,it will be essential to schedule complete active-reactive power at distribution level.In this research work,an economic framework based on the active-reactive power bids has been developed for complete active-reactive power dispatch scheduling of smart distribution networks.The economical complete active-reactive power scheduling approach suggested in this study motivates distributed energy resources(DERs)to cooperate in both active power markets and the Volt/Var control scheme.To this end,using DER’s reactive power capability,a generic framework of reactive power offers for DERs is extracted.A 22-bus distribution test system is implemented to verify the impressiveness of the suggested active-reactive power scheduling approach.展开更多
Common evaluation methodology of sodium(Na)-containing two-electrode or three-electrode configurations overlooks the interference from highly reactive Na metal,leading to the underestimation or inconsistent performanc...Common evaluation methodology of sodium(Na)-containing two-electrode or three-electrode configurations overlooks the interference from highly reactive Na metal,leading to the underestimation or inconsistent performance of low-potential hard carbon(HC)electrodes.Herein,the trap of Na metal was systematically investigated with or without applied current,uncovering its inadequacy as the reference or counter electrode in different configurations.A Na-metal-free three-electrode protocol is proposed for evaluating the actual Na^(+)-storage capability of the typical low-potential HC electrode.By avoiding Na crosstalk and precisely controlling the working electrode's potential,the actual electrochemical performance of HC in the carbonate esterbased electrolyte can be recognized with high capacity of 222 mAh g^(-1)at 2 C and 113 mAh g^(-1)at 5 C,correcting the misunderstanding of the inferior performance of HC in coin-type half cells(68%and 50%undervaluation at 2 C and 5 C,respectively).The advanced protocol is expected to reduce misunderstandings or underestimation due to evaluation methods and to guide the development of high-performance battery materials.展开更多
文摘In traditional power systems,besides the conventional power plants that provide the necessary reactive power in transmission system,the shunt capacitors along with the tap changers of transformers are also employed in distribution networks.In future years,because of the high number of distributed resources integrated into the distribution networks,it will be essential to schedule complete active-reactive power at distribution level.In this research work,an economic framework based on the active-reactive power bids has been developed for complete active-reactive power dispatch scheduling of smart distribution networks.The economical complete active-reactive power scheduling approach suggested in this study motivates distributed energy resources(DERs)to cooperate in both active power markets and the Volt/Var control scheme.To this end,using DER’s reactive power capability,a generic framework of reactive power offers for DERs is extracted.A 22-bus distribution test system is implemented to verify the impressiveness of the suggested active-reactive power scheduling approach.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB3803400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22379028,22109028,52261135631 and 52103335)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(22ZR1404400)the Chenguang Program sponsored by Shanghai Education Development FoundationShanghai Municipal Education Commission(19CG01)。
文摘Common evaluation methodology of sodium(Na)-containing two-electrode or three-electrode configurations overlooks the interference from highly reactive Na metal,leading to the underestimation or inconsistent performance of low-potential hard carbon(HC)electrodes.Herein,the trap of Na metal was systematically investigated with or without applied current,uncovering its inadequacy as the reference or counter electrode in different configurations.A Na-metal-free three-electrode protocol is proposed for evaluating the actual Na^(+)-storage capability of the typical low-potential HC electrode.By avoiding Na crosstalk and precisely controlling the working electrode's potential,the actual electrochemical performance of HC in the carbonate esterbased electrolyte can be recognized with high capacity of 222 mAh g^(-1)at 2 C and 113 mAh g^(-1)at 5 C,correcting the misunderstanding of the inferior performance of HC in coin-type half cells(68%and 50%undervaluation at 2 C and 5 C,respectively).The advanced protocol is expected to reduce misunderstandings or underestimation due to evaluation methods and to guide the development of high-performance battery materials.
