The degree-day method is widely used to determine energy consumption but cannot be directly applied to poultry buildings without improvements in its accuracy.This study was designed to optimize the degreeday calculati...The degree-day method is widely used to determine energy consumption but cannot be directly applied to poultry buildings without improvements in its accuracy.This study was designed to optimize the degreeday calculation and proposes a solar-air degree-day method,which can be used to calculate the cooling and heating degree-days and the annual cooling and heating loads under different climate conditions for poultry buildings.In this paper,the solar-air degree-day method was proposed,which considers the effects of solar radiation with different wall orientations and surface colors.Five Chinese cities,Harbin,Beijing,Chongqing,Kunming and Guangzhou,were selected to represent different climate zones to determine the solar-air degreedays.The heating and cooling energy requirements for different climates were compared by DeST(Designer’s Simulation Toolkit)simulation and the solar-air degreeday method.Approaches to decrease energy consumption were developed.The results showed that the maximum relative error was less than 10%,and the new method was not significantly different from the DeST simulation(P>0.05).The accuracy of calculating energy requirements was improved by the solar-air degree-day method in the different climate zones.Orientation and surface color effects on energy consumption need to be considered,and external walls of different orientations should have different surface colors.展开更多
The spatial orientation of optical radiation sources has long been the hot topic in the aerospace and the military applications.Current researches mainly focus on the high precision orientation on the partial field of...The spatial orientation of optical radiation sources has long been the hot topic in the aerospace and the military applications.Current researches mainly focus on the high precision orientation on the partial field of view.Thus,combination of several partial fields of view is required to achieve orientation when the field of view exceeds 180°,which results in the increase of size,weight,power consumption and the cost.By defining radiation energy and direction of the optical radiation source as a vector and applying the cosine law of radiation and vector theorem,it is shown that the vector can be obtained from unit normal vectors on the three un-coplanar surfaces and from the energy projected by the optical radiation source.Based on this,an orientation method with 360° full field of view by a polyhedron is suggested,the mathematical formula for anti-multipath interference is supposed and the error upper limit is derived.The feasibility and effectiveness of this method are validated by measurements and simulation.An accuracy better than 2.866° and 0.574° is achieved when the ratio of measurement error of energy on arbitrary surface and the true value are 5% and 1%,respectively,given the matrix composed of unit normal vectors on three measurement surfaces is orthogonal.展开更多
Hexagonal nano-crystalline boron carbonitride (h-BCN) films grown on Si (100) substrate have been precisely investigated. The films were synthesized by radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition using t...Hexagonal nano-crystalline boron carbonitride (h-BCN) films grown on Si (100) substrate have been precisely investigated. The films were synthesized by radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition using tris-dimethylamino borane as a single-source molecular precursor. The deposition was performed by setting RF power at 400 - 800 W. The reaction pressure was at 2.6 Pa and the substrate temperature was recorded at 700°C - 800°C. Formation of the nano-crystalline h-BCN compound has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The diffraction peaks at 26.3° together with a small unknown peak at 29.2° were elucidated due to the formation of an h-BCN structure. The films composed of B, C, and N atoms with different B-N, B-C, C-N chemical bonds in forming the sp2-BCN atomic configuration studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Orientation and local structures of the h-BCN hybrid were studied by near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) measurements. The dominant presence of p* and s* resonance peaks of the sp2-hybrid orbitals in the B K-edge NEXAFS spectra revealed the formation of the sp2-BCN configuration around B atoms like-BN3 in h-BN. The orientation was suggested on the basis of the polarization dependence of B K-edge and N K-edge of the NEXAFS spectra.展开更多
Development of inhomogeneous deformation is an interest matter in material engineering. Synchrotron radiation tomography provides 3D distribution map of local strain in polycrystalline aluminum alloy by tracking micro...Development of inhomogeneous deformation is an interest matter in material engineering. Synchrotron radiation tomography provides 3D distribution map of local strain in polycrystalline aluminum alloy by tracking microstructural features. To perform further deep analysis on development of inhomogeneous deformation, crystallographic grain orientation is necessary. Three-dimensional X-ray diffraction technique was developed. A new crystallographic orientation measurement method was described in 3D space, utilizing grain boundary tracking （GBT） information.展开更多
基金This work was funded by the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFD0500700)the China Agricultural Research System(CARS-40).
文摘The degree-day method is widely used to determine energy consumption but cannot be directly applied to poultry buildings without improvements in its accuracy.This study was designed to optimize the degreeday calculation and proposes a solar-air degree-day method,which can be used to calculate the cooling and heating degree-days and the annual cooling and heating loads under different climate conditions for poultry buildings.In this paper,the solar-air degree-day method was proposed,which considers the effects of solar radiation with different wall orientations and surface colors.Five Chinese cities,Harbin,Beijing,Chongqing,Kunming and Guangzhou,were selected to represent different climate zones to determine the solar-air degreedays.The heating and cooling energy requirements for different climates were compared by DeST(Designer’s Simulation Toolkit)simulation and the solar-air degreeday method.Approaches to decrease energy consumption were developed.The results showed that the maximum relative error was less than 10%,and the new method was not significantly different from the DeST simulation(P>0.05).The accuracy of calculating energy requirements was improved by the solar-air degree-day method in the different climate zones.Orientation and surface color effects on energy consumption need to be considered,and external walls of different orientations should have different surface colors.
文摘The spatial orientation of optical radiation sources has long been the hot topic in the aerospace and the military applications.Current researches mainly focus on the high precision orientation on the partial field of view.Thus,combination of several partial fields of view is required to achieve orientation when the field of view exceeds 180°,which results in the increase of size,weight,power consumption and the cost.By defining radiation energy and direction of the optical radiation source as a vector and applying the cosine law of radiation and vector theorem,it is shown that the vector can be obtained from unit normal vectors on the three un-coplanar surfaces and from the energy projected by the optical radiation source.Based on this,an orientation method with 360° full field of view by a polyhedron is suggested,the mathematical formula for anti-multipath interference is supposed and the error upper limit is derived.The feasibility and effectiveness of this method are validated by measurements and simulation.An accuracy better than 2.866° and 0.574° is achieved when the ratio of measurement error of energy on arbitrary surface and the true value are 5% and 1%,respectively,given the matrix composed of unit normal vectors on three measurement surfaces is orthogonal.
文摘Hexagonal nano-crystalline boron carbonitride (h-BCN) films grown on Si (100) substrate have been precisely investigated. The films were synthesized by radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition using tris-dimethylamino borane as a single-source molecular precursor. The deposition was performed by setting RF power at 400 - 800 W. The reaction pressure was at 2.6 Pa and the substrate temperature was recorded at 700°C - 800°C. Formation of the nano-crystalline h-BCN compound has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The diffraction peaks at 26.3° together with a small unknown peak at 29.2° were elucidated due to the formation of an h-BCN structure. The films composed of B, C, and N atoms with different B-N, B-C, C-N chemical bonds in forming the sp2-BCN atomic configuration studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Orientation and local structures of the h-BCN hybrid were studied by near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) measurements. The dominant presence of p* and s* resonance peaks of the sp2-hybrid orbitals in the B K-edge NEXAFS spectra revealed the formation of the sp2-BCN configuration around B atoms like-BN3 in h-BN. The orientation was suggested on the basis of the polarization dependence of B K-edge and N K-edge of the NEXAFS spectra.
文摘Development of inhomogeneous deformation is an interest matter in material engineering. Synchrotron radiation tomography provides 3D distribution map of local strain in polycrystalline aluminum alloy by tracking microstructural features. To perform further deep analysis on development of inhomogeneous deformation, crystallographic grain orientation is necessary. Three-dimensional X-ray diffraction technique was developed. A new crystallographic orientation measurement method was described in 3D space, utilizing grain boundary tracking （GBT） information.
