A quantum-chemical study of the mechanism of transesterification reaction carried out in the traditional and supercritical fluid (SCF) conditions has been performed. Samples of biodiesel fuel have been derived from ra...A quantum-chemical study of the mechanism of transesterification reaction carried out in the traditional and supercritical fluid (SCF) conditions has been performed. Samples of biodiesel fuel have been derived from rapeseed oil in the environment of supercritical ethanol using a flow type unit, both in the absence and in the presence of heterogeneous catalysts-metal oxides. Experimental studies of kinematic viscosity of a large array of samples of derived biodiesel have been performed. The viscous correlation allowing determining the content of the desired product-fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE)-in biodiesel samples, has been made based on the obtained experimental data on the kinematic viscosity of biodiesel samples. The influence of change of the dielectric permittivity of working environments on the rate of reaction of transesterification in the supercritical fluid conditions has been revealed.展开更多
Quantum-chemical calculation methods have been used to examine an influence of tautomeric equilibrium [Azo Hydrazo] on a structure of 1:2 chromium metal complex dyes called Gryfalan Navy Blue RL (CI 15 707, Acid...Quantum-chemical calculation methods have been used to examine an influence of tautomeric equilibrium [Azo Hydrazo] on a structure of 1:2 chromium metal complex dyes called Gryfalan Navy Blue RL (CI 15 707, Acid Blue 193) and Gryfalan Black RL (Acid Black 194). Chromatographic analysis indicates that synthesis yields a mixture of several dyes with different shades. Studies conducted to date have suggested that such dye complexes can constitute Drew-Pfitzner or Pfeiffer-Schetty structural isomers [1]. It is a know fact, that o-hydroxy-azo dyes exist in equilibrium of tautomeric azo and hydrazone forms. We decided to examine, whether color properties of examined metal-complex dyes can be influenced also by an azo-hydrazone equilibrium and what kind of influence on it has sulphonic groups present in molecules. Calculation and optimization of the geometrical structure were performed using the AM1 methods for monoazoo-hydroxy-azo dyesand ZINDO/1 for 1:2 chromium metal complex dyes. It was stated that monoazo dyes can create complexes in both forms: azo and hydrazone, because energy differences between each form of the metal complex dye are so small, that the monoazo dye can, in practice, create complexes in both the azo and the hydrazone form, with energy differences not exceeding about 4 - 11 kcal/mol. It is calculated that spatial structure changes with an angle of about 90° between two molecules of the dye, and angles of 10° - 20° between the naphthalene moieties. Similar electron density on the hydroxyl and ketone groups suggests that the mixture contains a dominant share of the azo form. The presence of an ionised sulphonic group was also found to affect on the tautomer equilibrium.展开更多
The behavior of N-methylidenemalonates of 3-arylaminoindoles and p-dimetylamino-N-phenylanyline (M = ANa) was studied during their analysis with ESI mass spectrometer operated in negative (NI) and positive (PI) ion mo...The behavior of N-methylidenemalonates of 3-arylaminoindoles and p-dimetylamino-N-phenylanyline (M = ANa) was studied during their analysis with ESI mass spectrometer operated in negative (NI) and positive (PI) ion modes. Anions [A] and both [M + H]+ and [M + Na]+ were recorded under conditions of the NI-ESI and PI-ESI, respectively. The fragmentation processes of [A] and [M + H]+ were found that probably occurred as “insource collusion induced dissociation”. The main paths for [A] proved to be elimination of CO2 and breakage of the N-methylidenemalonate bond. A route [A]- - CO2 - ROH (R = Me or Et) was less expressed and occurred for the indolyl-containing compounds with the NH bond only. Experiments employing heavy water demonstrated the isotope exchange to occur involving the hydrogen atom of this bond. This and other facts evidenced that the last fragmentation included abstraction of just this atom. Quantum-chemical calculations allowed picking out a structure for the product ion from the possible ones. The calculations also indicated that the protonation of M occurred at the anionic oxygen atom of the malonate moiety. The fragmentation of [M + H]+ ions included elimination of two water molecules that was supported by their MS2 spectra. A common feature of the NI- and PI-ESI mass spectra was the presence of oligomeric ions, up to tetramers and trimers for the NI- and PI-ESI ones, respectively. The oligomers were formed by interaction of the corresponding ions with neutral molecules. When ions contained extra hydrogen atoms, they were introduced by hydrolysis.展开更多
氨基酸是含有碱性氨基和酸性羧基的有机化合物,是构成蛋白质的基本单位,其种类,数量和排列直接影响蛋白质的生物功能,对维持机体功能有重要意义。氨基酸分子间振动模式(扭转,氢键和集体振动)大部分处于太赫兹(THz)波段,表现出独特的吸...氨基酸是含有碱性氨基和酸性羧基的有机化合物,是构成蛋白质的基本单位,其种类,数量和排列直接影响蛋白质的生物功能,对维持机体功能有重要意义。氨基酸分子间振动模式(扭转,氢键和集体振动)大部分处于太赫兹(THz)波段,表现出独特的吸收特征,因此,对氨基酸进行THz光谱研究,能够更全面了解生物特性。总结前人实测的亮氨酸与异亮氨酸位于0.2~2.6 THz波段的吸收谱,同时,利用量子化学计算方法解释其形成机理。使用Gaussian09软件对单分子构型模拟计算,模拟方法为半经验法(PM6),从头计算法(HF,MP2)和密度泛函理论(B3LYP,M06-2X)结合6-311+G(d,p)高斯型基组;使用Materials Studio 2019软件对晶胞构型模拟计算,模拟方法为广义梯度近似的PBE,PBEsol,RPBE和WC等四种密度泛函结合平面波基组。结果表明:单分子构型模拟均缺少吸收峰位,不同方法对同一振动模式的峰位计算不同,因此,对分子间相互作用较强的结构,进行单一方法的该构型模拟,很大程度不能正确匹配振动模式,且受原子轨道线性组合方法影响,与输入结构相比,输出结构由COO^(-)和NH_(3)^(+)基团变为COOH和NH_(2),无法体现实际振动模式;晶胞构型模拟对分子内和分子间振动模式描述,吸收峰位与实测值匹配较好,不存在质子转移情况,较好指认实测峰位的振动模式。亮氨酸与异亮氨酸使用PBEsol泛函计算结果最接近实测值,说明模拟计算需充分考虑结构与泛函的匹配性,即对结构交换关联能的描述,也说明同一泛函对异构体的普适性,此外,不能以结构优化后差异作为判断泛函是否适用的标准。晶胞构型计算结果包含分子间振动模式,是单分子构型无法得到的结果,且数据进行半峰全宽拟合,导致两种构型结果在某一实测峰位处的振动模式存在差异。展开更多
探究硫酸存在时Q235钢在甲醇中的腐蚀行为,以及离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([Bmim]Cl)对金属表面的缓蚀作用。通过静态失重法、电化学测试、扫描电子显微镜来测定[Bmim]Cl对Q235钢的缓蚀性能。并利用量子化学计算和分子动力学模拟分...探究硫酸存在时Q235钢在甲醇中的腐蚀行为,以及离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([Bmim]Cl)对金属表面的缓蚀作用。通过静态失重法、电化学测试、扫描电子显微镜来测定[Bmim]Cl对Q235钢的缓蚀性能。并利用量子化学计算和分子动力学模拟分析[Bmim]Cl分子的缓蚀机理。在甲醇中随着硫酸含量的增加碳钢的腐蚀速率增加。含有59.51 ml 0.05 mol·L-1H2SO4的甲醇溶液作为腐蚀介质时,随着[Bmim]Cl浓度升高,缓蚀效率逐渐增大,当浓度为0.6 mol·L-1时,缓蚀效率达到最佳值,为90.63%,且[Bmim]Cl是主要控制阳极反应的混合抑制剂,SEM分析表明在含有缓蚀剂溶液中浸泡后的Q235钢表面相对于未加缓蚀剂更加平整。前线轨道分析和Fukui指数都表明,离子液体在碳钢表面的吸附位点分布在咪唑环上,与Fe发生化学吸附。分子动力学模拟结果表明缓蚀剂分子以阳离子[Bmim]+平行吸附于金属表面,阴离子Cl-扩散在溶液中的方式达到缓蚀的效果。理论计算结果与实验结果一致,即[Bmim]Cl在甲醇/硫酸水溶液中对Q235钢具有很好的缓蚀作用,为新型离子液体缓蚀剂研究应用奠定了基础。展开更多
文摘A quantum-chemical study of the mechanism of transesterification reaction carried out in the traditional and supercritical fluid (SCF) conditions has been performed. Samples of biodiesel fuel have been derived from rapeseed oil in the environment of supercritical ethanol using a flow type unit, both in the absence and in the presence of heterogeneous catalysts-metal oxides. Experimental studies of kinematic viscosity of a large array of samples of derived biodiesel have been performed. The viscous correlation allowing determining the content of the desired product-fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE)-in biodiesel samples, has been made based on the obtained experimental data on the kinematic viscosity of biodiesel samples. The influence of change of the dielectric permittivity of working environments on the rate of reaction of transesterification in the supercritical fluid conditions has been revealed.
文摘Quantum-chemical calculation methods have been used to examine an influence of tautomeric equilibrium [Azo Hydrazo] on a structure of 1:2 chromium metal complex dyes called Gryfalan Navy Blue RL (CI 15 707, Acid Blue 193) and Gryfalan Black RL (Acid Black 194). Chromatographic analysis indicates that synthesis yields a mixture of several dyes with different shades. Studies conducted to date have suggested that such dye complexes can constitute Drew-Pfitzner or Pfeiffer-Schetty structural isomers [1]. It is a know fact, that o-hydroxy-azo dyes exist in equilibrium of tautomeric azo and hydrazone forms. We decided to examine, whether color properties of examined metal-complex dyes can be influenced also by an azo-hydrazone equilibrium and what kind of influence on it has sulphonic groups present in molecules. Calculation and optimization of the geometrical structure were performed using the AM1 methods for monoazoo-hydroxy-azo dyesand ZINDO/1 for 1:2 chromium metal complex dyes. It was stated that monoazo dyes can create complexes in both forms: azo and hydrazone, because energy differences between each form of the metal complex dye are so small, that the monoazo dye can, in practice, create complexes in both the azo and the hydrazone form, with energy differences not exceeding about 4 - 11 kcal/mol. It is calculated that spatial structure changes with an angle of about 90° between two molecules of the dye, and angles of 10° - 20° between the naphthalene moieties. Similar electron density on the hydroxyl and ketone groups suggests that the mixture contains a dominant share of the azo form. The presence of an ionised sulphonic group was also found to affect on the tautomer equilibrium.
文摘The behavior of N-methylidenemalonates of 3-arylaminoindoles and p-dimetylamino-N-phenylanyline (M = ANa) was studied during their analysis with ESI mass spectrometer operated in negative (NI) and positive (PI) ion modes. Anions [A] and both [M + H]+ and [M + Na]+ were recorded under conditions of the NI-ESI and PI-ESI, respectively. The fragmentation processes of [A] and [M + H]+ were found that probably occurred as “insource collusion induced dissociation”. The main paths for [A] proved to be elimination of CO2 and breakage of the N-methylidenemalonate bond. A route [A]- - CO2 - ROH (R = Me or Et) was less expressed and occurred for the indolyl-containing compounds with the NH bond only. Experiments employing heavy water demonstrated the isotope exchange to occur involving the hydrogen atom of this bond. This and other facts evidenced that the last fragmentation included abstraction of just this atom. Quantum-chemical calculations allowed picking out a structure for the product ion from the possible ones. The calculations also indicated that the protonation of M occurred at the anionic oxygen atom of the malonate moiety. The fragmentation of [M + H]+ ions included elimination of two water molecules that was supported by their MS2 spectra. A common feature of the NI- and PI-ESI mass spectra was the presence of oligomeric ions, up to tetramers and trimers for the NI- and PI-ESI ones, respectively. The oligomers were formed by interaction of the corresponding ions with neutral molecules. When ions contained extra hydrogen atoms, they were introduced by hydrolysis.
文摘氨基酸是含有碱性氨基和酸性羧基的有机化合物,是构成蛋白质的基本单位,其种类,数量和排列直接影响蛋白质的生物功能,对维持机体功能有重要意义。氨基酸分子间振动模式(扭转,氢键和集体振动)大部分处于太赫兹(THz)波段,表现出独特的吸收特征,因此,对氨基酸进行THz光谱研究,能够更全面了解生物特性。总结前人实测的亮氨酸与异亮氨酸位于0.2~2.6 THz波段的吸收谱,同时,利用量子化学计算方法解释其形成机理。使用Gaussian09软件对单分子构型模拟计算,模拟方法为半经验法(PM6),从头计算法(HF,MP2)和密度泛函理论(B3LYP,M06-2X)结合6-311+G(d,p)高斯型基组;使用Materials Studio 2019软件对晶胞构型模拟计算,模拟方法为广义梯度近似的PBE,PBEsol,RPBE和WC等四种密度泛函结合平面波基组。结果表明:单分子构型模拟均缺少吸收峰位,不同方法对同一振动模式的峰位计算不同,因此,对分子间相互作用较强的结构,进行单一方法的该构型模拟,很大程度不能正确匹配振动模式,且受原子轨道线性组合方法影响,与输入结构相比,输出结构由COO^(-)和NH_(3)^(+)基团变为COOH和NH_(2),无法体现实际振动模式;晶胞构型模拟对分子内和分子间振动模式描述,吸收峰位与实测值匹配较好,不存在质子转移情况,较好指认实测峰位的振动模式。亮氨酸与异亮氨酸使用PBEsol泛函计算结果最接近实测值,说明模拟计算需充分考虑结构与泛函的匹配性,即对结构交换关联能的描述,也说明同一泛函对异构体的普适性,此外,不能以结构优化后差异作为判断泛函是否适用的标准。晶胞构型计算结果包含分子间振动模式,是单分子构型无法得到的结果,且数据进行半峰全宽拟合,导致两种构型结果在某一实测峰位处的振动模式存在差异。
文摘探究硫酸存在时Q235钢在甲醇中的腐蚀行为,以及离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([Bmim]Cl)对金属表面的缓蚀作用。通过静态失重法、电化学测试、扫描电子显微镜来测定[Bmim]Cl对Q235钢的缓蚀性能。并利用量子化学计算和分子动力学模拟分析[Bmim]Cl分子的缓蚀机理。在甲醇中随着硫酸含量的增加碳钢的腐蚀速率增加。含有59.51 ml 0.05 mol·L-1H2SO4的甲醇溶液作为腐蚀介质时,随着[Bmim]Cl浓度升高,缓蚀效率逐渐增大,当浓度为0.6 mol·L-1时,缓蚀效率达到最佳值,为90.63%,且[Bmim]Cl是主要控制阳极反应的混合抑制剂,SEM分析表明在含有缓蚀剂溶液中浸泡后的Q235钢表面相对于未加缓蚀剂更加平整。前线轨道分析和Fukui指数都表明,离子液体在碳钢表面的吸附位点分布在咪唑环上,与Fe发生化学吸附。分子动力学模拟结果表明缓蚀剂分子以阳离子[Bmim]+平行吸附于金属表面,阴离子Cl-扩散在溶液中的方式达到缓蚀的效果。理论计算结果与实验结果一致,即[Bmim]Cl在甲醇/硫酸水溶液中对Q235钢具有很好的缓蚀作用,为新型离子液体缓蚀剂研究应用奠定了基础。