The paper concludes that the energy given by Einstein’s famous formula E = mc2 consists of two parts. The first part is the positive energy of the quantum particle modeled by the topology of the zero set. The second ...The paper concludes that the energy given by Einstein’s famous formula E = mc2 consists of two parts. The first part is the positive energy of the quantum particle modeled by the topology of the zero set. The second part is the absolute value of the negative energy of the quantum Schr?dinger wave modeled by the topology of the empty set. We reason that the latter is nothing else but the so called missing dark energy of the universe which accounts for 94.45% of the total energy, in full agreement with the WMAP and Supernova cosmic measurement which was awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics. The dark energy of the quantum wave cannot be detected in the normal way because measurement collapses the quantum wave.展开更多
The paper presents a detailed analysis of ordinary and dark energy density of the cosmos based on two different but complimentary theories. First, and starting from the concept of the speed of light being an average o...The paper presents a detailed analysis of ordinary and dark energy density of the cosmos based on two different but complimentary theories. First, and starting from the concept of the speed of light being an average over multi-fractals, we use Magueijo-Smolin’s ingenious revision of Einstein’s special relativity famous formula E = mc2 to a doubly special formula which includes the Planck energy as invariant to derive the ordinary energy density E(O) = mc2/22 and the dark energy density E(D) = mc2(21/22) wheremis the mass andcis the speed of light. Second we use the topological theory of pure gravity to reach the same result thus confirming the correctness of the theory of varying speed of light as well as the COBE, WMAP and Type 1a supernova cosmological measurements.展开更多
This paper presents a new theory of gravity, called here Ashtekar-Kodama (AK) gravity, which is based on the Ashtekar-Kodama formulation of loop quantum gravity (LQG), yields in the limit the Einstein equations, and i...This paper presents a new theory of gravity, called here Ashtekar-Kodama (AK) gravity, which is based on the Ashtekar-Kodama formulation of loop quantum gravity (LQG), yields in the limit the Einstein equations, and in the quantum regime a full renormalizable quantum gauge field theory. The three fundamental constraints (hamiltonian, gaussian and diffeomorphism) were formulated in 3-dimensional spatial form within LQG in Ashtekar formulation using the notion of the Kodama state with positive cosmological constant Λ. We introduce a 4-dimensional covariant version of the 3-dimensional (spatial) hamiltonian, gaussian and diffeomorphism constraints of LQG. We obtain 32 partial differential equations for the 16 variables E<sub>mn</sub> (E-tensor, inverse densitized tetrad of the metric) and 16 variables A<sub>mn</sub> (A-tensor, gravitational wave tensor). We impose the boundary condition: for large distance the E-generated metric g(E) becomes the GR-metric g (normally Schwarzschild-spacetime). The theory based on these Ashtekar-Kodama (AK) equations, and called in the following Ashtekar-Kodama (AK-) gravity has the following properties. • For Λ = 0 the AK equations become Einstein equations, A-tensor is trivial (constant), and the E-generated metric g(E) is identical with the GR-metric g. • When the AK-equations are developed into a Λ-power series, the Λ-term yields a gravitational wave equation, which has only at least quadrupole wave solutions and becomes in the limit of large distance r the (normal electromagnetic) wave equation. • AK-gravity, as opposed to GR, has no singularity at the horizon: the singularity in the metric becomes a (very high) peak. • AK-gravity has a limit scale of the gravitational quantum region 39 μm, which emerges as the limit scale in the objective wave collapse theory of Gherardi-Rimini-Weber. In the quantum region, the AK-gravity becomes a quantum gauge theory (AK quantum gravity) with the Lie group extended SU(2) = ε-tensor-group(four generators) as gauge group and a corr展开更多
The Theory of General Singularity is presented, unifying quantum field theory, general relativity, and the standard model. This theory posits phonons as fundamental excitations in a quantum vacuum, modeled as a Bose-E...The Theory of General Singularity is presented, unifying quantum field theory, general relativity, and the standard model. This theory posits phonons as fundamental excitations in a quantum vacuum, modeled as a Bose-Einstein condensate. Through key equations, the role of phonons as intermediaries between matter, energy, and spacetime geometry is demonstrated. The theory expands Einsteins field equations to differentiate between visible and dark matter, and revises the standard model by incorporating phonons. It addresses dark matter, dark energy, gravity, and phase transitions, while making testable predictions. The theory proposes that singularities, the essence of particles and black holes, are quantum entities ubiquitous in nature, constituting the very essence of elementary particles, seen as micro black holes or quantum fractal structures of spacetime. As the theory is refined with increasing mathematical rigor, it builds upon the foundation of initial physical intuition, connecting the spacetime continuum of general relativity with the hydrodynamics of the quantum vacuum. Inspired by the insights of Tesla and Majorana, who believed that physical intuition justifies the infringement of mathematical rigor in the early stages of theory development, this work aims to advance the understanding of the fundamental laws of the universe and the perception of reality.展开更多
A theory of quantum gravity has recently been developed by the author based on the concept that all forces converge to one at the moment of Creation. This primordial field can only interact with itself, as no other fi...A theory of quantum gravity has recently been developed by the author based on the concept that all forces converge to one at the moment of Creation. This primordial field can only interact with itself, as no other field exists, contrasting with the Standard Model of Particle Physics in which each elementary particle is an excitation in its own quantum field. The primordial field theory of quantum gravity has produced a model of a fermion with a mass gap, ½-integral spin, discrete charge, and magnetic moment. The mass gap is based on an existence theorem that is anchored in Yang-Mills, while Calabi-Yau anchors ½-integral spin, with charge and magnetic moment based on duality. Based on N-windings, this work is here extended to encompass fractional charge, with the result applied to quarks, yielding fermion mass and charge in agreement with experiment and novel size correlations and a unique quantum gravity-based ontological understanding of quarks.展开更多
This is a Unified Field description based on the holographic Time Dilation Cosmology, TDC, model, which is an eternal continuum evolving forward in the forward direction of time, at the speed of light, c, at an invari...This is a Unified Field description based on the holographic Time Dilation Cosmology, TDC, model, which is an eternal continuum evolving forward in the forward direction of time, at the speed of light, c, at an invariant 1 s/s rate of time. This is the Fundamental Direction of Evolution, FDE. There is also an evolution down time dilation gradients, the Gravitational Direction of Evolution, GDE. These evolutions are gravity, which is the evolutionary force in time. Gravitational velocities are compensation for the difference in the rate of time, dRt, in a dilation field, and the dRtis equal to the compensatory velocity’s percentage of c, and is a measure of the force in time inducing the velocity. In applied force induced velocities, the dRt is a measure of the resistance in time to the induced velocity, which might be called “anti-gravity” or “negative gravity”. The two effects keep the continuum uniformly evolving forward at c. It is demonstrated that gravity is already a part of the electromagnetic field equations in way of the dRt element contained in the TDC velocity formula. Einstein’s energy formula is defined as a velocity formula and a modified version is used for charged elementary particle solutions. A time dilation-based derivation of the Lorentz force ties gravity directly to the electromagnetic field proving the unified field of gravity and the EMF. It is noted how we could possibly create gravity drives. This is followed by a discussion of black holes, proving supermassive objects, like massive black hole singularities, are impossible, and that black holes are massless Magnetospheric Eternally Collapsing Objects (MECOs) that are vortices in spacetime. .展开更多
This paper introduces the two Upsilon constants to the reader. Their usefulness is described with respect to acting as coupling constants between the CMB temperature and the Hubble constant. In addition, this paper su...This paper introduces the two Upsilon constants to the reader. Their usefulness is described with respect to acting as coupling constants between the CMB temperature and the Hubble constant. In addition, this paper summarizes the current state of quantum cosmology with respect to the Flat Space Cosmology (FSC) model. Although the FSC quantum cosmology formulae were published in 2018, they are only rearrangements and substitutions of the other assumptions into the original FSC Hubble temperature formula. In a real sense, this temperature formula was the first quantum cosmology formula developed since Hawking’s black hole temperature formula. A recent development in the last month proves that the FSC Hubble temperature formula can be derived from the Stephan-Boltzmann law. Thus, this Hubble temperature formula effectively unites some quantum developments with the general relativity model inherent in FSC. More progress towards unification in the near-future is expected.展开更多
We show the simplest form with which one can express the gravity force, and that still gives all the same predictions of observable phenomena as does standard Newton gravity and general relativity theory. In addition,...We show the simplest form with which one can express the gravity force, and that still gives all the same predictions of observable phenomena as does standard Newton gravity and general relativity theory. In addition, we show a new field equation that gives all the same predictions as general relativity theory, but that it is simpler as the only constant needed is the speed of light and that also gives quantum gravity. This new form to express gravity, through quantum gravitational energy, requires less constants to predict gravity phenomena than standard gravity theory. This alone should make the physics community interested in investigating this approach. It shows that gravitational energy, and other types of energy are a collision-length in their most complete and deepest form and that quantization of gravity is related to the reduced Compton frequency of the gravitational mass per Planck time. While general relativity theory needs two constants to predict gravity phenomena, that is G and c, our new theory, based on gravity energy, only needs one constant, c<sub>g</sub>, that is easily found from gravitational observations with no prior knowledge of any constants. Further, we will show that, at the deepest quantum level, quantum gravity needs two constants, c<sub>g</sub> and the Planck length, while the standard formulation here needs c, h and l<sub>p</sub>. Thus our theory gives a reduction in constants and simpler formulas than does standard gravity theory. Most important we by this seems to have a fully consistent framework for quantum gravity.展开更多
In the study of Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs) and Sonoluminescence, we observe parallels with larger cosmic events. Specifically, sonoluminescence involves the rapid collapse of bubbles, which closely resembles...In the study of Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs) and Sonoluminescence, we observe parallels with larger cosmic events. Specifically, sonoluminescence involves the rapid collapse of bubbles, which closely resembles gravitational collapse in space. This observation suggests the potential formation of low-density quantum black holes. These entities, which might be related to dark matter, are thought to experience a kind of transient evaporation similar to Hawking radiation seen in cosmic black holes. Consequently, sonoluminescence could be a valuable tool for investigating phenomena typically linked to cosmic scale events. Furthermore, the role of the Higgs boson is considered in this context, possibly connecting it to both TGFs and sonoluminescence. This research could enhance our understanding of the quantum mechanics of black holes and their relation to dark matter on Earth.展开更多
Newton already mentioned indivisible time in Principia. In 1899, Max Planck derived a unique time period from three universal constants: G, c, and ħ, and today this is known as the Planck time. The Planck time is of t...Newton already mentioned indivisible time in Principia. In 1899, Max Planck derived a unique time period from three universal constants: G, c, and ħ, and today this is known as the Planck time. The Planck time is of the order of about 10<sup>−44</sup> seconds while the best atomic clocks are down to 10<sup>−19</sup> seconds. An approach has recently been outlined that puts an upper limit on the quantization of time to 10<sup>−33</sup> seconds;this is, however, still far away from the Planck time. We demonstrate that the Planck time can easily be measured without any knowledge of any other physical constants. This is remarkable as this means we have demonstrated that the Planck time and therefore the Planck scale is real and detectable. It has taken more than 100 years to understand this. The reason for the breakthrough in Planck scale physics in recent years comes from understanding that G is a composite constant and that the true matter wavelength is the Compton wavelength rather than the de Broglie wavelength. When this is understood, the mysteries of the Planck scale can be uncovered. In this paper, we also demonstrate how to measure the number of Planck events in a gravitational mass without relying on any constants. This directly relates to a new and simple method for quantizing general relativity theory that we also will shortly discuss.展开更多
This paper is a brief review of our work on the Planck quantized version of general relativity theory. It demonstrates several straightforward methods to rewrite the same equations that we have already presented in ot...This paper is a brief review of our work on the Planck quantized version of general relativity theory. It demonstrates several straightforward methods to rewrite the same equations that we have already presented in other papers. We also explore a relatively new general relativity-inspired field equation based on the original Newtonian mass, which is very different from today’s kilogram mass. Additionally, we examine two other field equations based on collision space-time, where both energy and matter can be described simply as space and time. We are thereby fulfilling Einstein’s dream of a theory where energy and mass are not needed, or are just aspects of space and time. If this is extended beyond the 4-dimensional space-time formalism of general relativity theory to a 6-dimensional framework with 3 space dimensions and 3 time dimensions, this ultimately reveals that they are two sides of the same coin. In reality, it is a three-dimensional space-time theory, where space and time are just two sides of the same coin.展开更多
This study aims to demonstrate a proof of concept for a novel theory of the universe based on the Fine Structure Constant (α), derived from n-dimensional prime number property sets, specifically α = 137 and α = 139...This study aims to demonstrate a proof of concept for a novel theory of the universe based on the Fine Structure Constant (α), derived from n-dimensional prime number property sets, specifically α = 137 and α = 139. The FSC Model introduces a new perspective on the fundamental nature of our universe, showing that α = 137.036 can be calculated from these prime property sets. The Fine Structure Constant, a cornerstone in Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) and Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), implies an underlying structure. This study identifies this mathematical framework and demonstrates how the FSC model theory aligns with our current understanding of physics and cosmology. The results unveil a hierarchy of α values for twin prime pairs U{3/2} through U{199/197}. These values, represented by their fraction parts α♊ (e.g., 0.036), define the relative electromagnetic forces driving quantum energy systems. The lower twin prime pairs, such as U{3/2}, exhibit higher EM forces that decrease as the twin pairs increase, turning dark when they drop below the α♊ for light. The results provide classical definitions for Baryonic Matter/Energy, Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and Antimatter but mostly illustrate how the combined α♊ values for three adjacent twin primes, U{7/5/3/2} mirrors the strong nuclear force of gluons holding quarks together.展开更多
This paper suggests explanations for otherwise seemingly unexplained data about elementary particles and cosmology. The explanations have bases in coordinate-based modeling and in integer-based characterizations for s...This paper suggests explanations for otherwise seemingly unexplained data about elementary particles and cosmology. The explanations have bases in coordinate-based modeling and in integer-based characterizations for some catalogs. One catalog features properties—including charge, mass, and angular momentum—of objects. Another catalog features all known and some possible elementary particles. Assumptions include that multipole-expansion mathematics has uses regarding long-range interactions, such as gravity, and that nature includes six isomers of all elementary particles other than long-range-interaction bosons. One isomer associates with ordinary matter. Five isomers are associated with dark matter. Multipole notions help explain large-scale aspects such as the rate of expansion of the universe.展开更多
Largely drawn from “Quantum Theory at the Crossroads: Reconsidering the 1927 Solvay Conference” by Guido Bacciagaluppi and Antony Valentini, but also from several books by Pais (“Inward Bound” and “Subtle is the ...Largely drawn from “Quantum Theory at the Crossroads: Reconsidering the 1927 Solvay Conference” by Guido Bacciagaluppi and Antony Valentini, but also from several books by Pais (“Inward Bound” and “Subtle is the Lord”), plus other sources, we examine some of the very contemporary themes as to quantum measurement which were debated in the 5<sup>th</sup> Solvay meeting. In addition, we also discuss some issues given by Roland Omnes in “Understanding Quantum Mechanics” as to the problem of classical and quantum properties, which is at the forefront of the Quantum Gravity issues of how to reconcile semi classical physics with the presumed bridge between Planckian physics (presumably quantum in nature) with the rest of cosmology. The issues argued in part by the Solvay meeting as to Quantum measurements and the competing Pilot theory, as brought up by De Broglie, and how that plays out as to the later Hidden Variables and the alleged determinism foundations of an embedding structure for Quantum physics, still are with us, and make the Solvay meeting, 1927 a stellar event, still worth revisiting 90 years later.展开更多
Realizing the physical reality of ‘tHooft’s self similar and dimensionaly regularized fractal-like spacetime as well as being inspired by a note worthy anecdote involving the great mathematician of Alexandria, Pytha...Realizing the physical reality of ‘tHooft’s self similar and dimensionaly regularized fractal-like spacetime as well as being inspired by a note worthy anecdote involving the great mathematician of Alexandria, Pythagoras and the larger than life man of theoretical physics Einstein, we utilize some deep mathematical connections between equivalence classes of equivalence relations and E-infinity theory quotient space. We started from the basic principles of self similarity which came to prominence in science with the advent of the modern theory of nonlinear dynamical systems, deterministic chaos and fractals. This fundamental logico-mathematical thread related to partially ordered sets is then applied to show how the classical Newton’s kinetic energy E = 1/2mv<sup>2</sup> leads to Einstein’s celebrated maximal energy equation E = mc<sup>2</sup> and how in turn this can be dissected into the ordinary energy density E(O) = mc<sup>2</sup>/22 and the dark energy density E(D) = mc<sup>2</sup>(21/22) of the cosmos where m is the mass;v is the velocity and c is the speed of light. The important role of the exceptional Lie symmetry groups and ‘tHooft-Veltman-Wilson dimensional regularization in fractal spacetime played in the above is also highlighted. The author hopes that the unusual character of the analysis and presentation of the present work may be taken in a positive vein as seriously attempting to propose a different and new way of doing theoretical physics by treating number theory, set theory, group theory, experimental physics as well as conventional theoretical physics on the same footing and letting all these diverse tools lead us to the answer of fundamental questions without fear of being labelled in one way or another.展开更多
This paper proposes a novel approach and simplified model of Quantum Gravity based on the unification framework of Generalized Thermodynamics which suggests cross-related terms and modified equations of General Relati...This paper proposes a novel approach and simplified model of Quantum Gravity based on the unification framework of Generalized Thermodynamics which suggests cross-related terms and modified equations of General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics. To address the “background problem”, a metric tensor is introduced into stationary Schrödinger equations via curved coordinates yielding quantum spacetime variation term. Then quantum Lagrangian is added to Einstein-Hilbert functional yielding quantum stress-energy tensor. Obtained from one variational principle, two theories are linked by a common quantum spacetime field. The theory offers some interpretations of the quantum vacuum spacetime fluctuations, zero-point-fields, quantum fields shifting towards high spacetime densities, the quantum nature of spacetime, and black hole singularity.展开更多
In this study,we extend the surface growth approach for bulk reconstruction into the Ad S spacetime with a boundary in the Ad S/BCFT correspondence.We show that the geometry in the entanglement wedge with a boundary c...In this study,we extend the surface growth approach for bulk reconstruction into the Ad S spacetime with a boundary in the Ad S/BCFT correspondence.We show that the geometry in the entanglement wedge with a boundary can be constructed from the direct growth of bulk extremal surfaces layer by layer.Furthermore,we observe that the surface growth configuration in BCFT can be connected with the defect multi scale entanglement renormalization ansatz(MERA)tensor network.Additionally,we investigate the entanglement of purification within the surface growth process,which not only reveals more refined structure of entanglement entropy in the entanglement wedge but also suggests a selection rule for surface growth in the bulk reconstruction.展开更多
In this paper,we study the quantum geometric effects near the locations where classical black hole horizons used to appear in Einstein's classical theory,within the framework of an improved dynamic approach,in whi...In this paper,we study the quantum geometric effects near the locations where classical black hole horizons used to appear in Einstein's classical theory,within the framework of an improved dynamic approach,in which the internal region of a black hole is modeled by the Kantowski-Sachs(KS)spacetime and the two polymerization parameters are functions of the phase space variables.Our detailed analysis shows that the effects are so strong that black and white hole horizons of the effective quantum theory do not exist at all and instead are replaced by transition surfaces,across which the metric coefficients and their inverses are smooth and remain finite,as are the corresponding curvatures,including the Kretschmann scalar.These surfaces always separate trapped regions from anti-trapped regions.The number of such surfaces is infinite,so the corresponding KS spacetimes become geodesically complete,and no black and white hole-like structures exist in this scheme.展开更多
文摘The paper concludes that the energy given by Einstein’s famous formula E = mc2 consists of two parts. The first part is the positive energy of the quantum particle modeled by the topology of the zero set. The second part is the absolute value of the negative energy of the quantum Schr?dinger wave modeled by the topology of the empty set. We reason that the latter is nothing else but the so called missing dark energy of the universe which accounts for 94.45% of the total energy, in full agreement with the WMAP and Supernova cosmic measurement which was awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics. The dark energy of the quantum wave cannot be detected in the normal way because measurement collapses the quantum wave.
文摘The paper presents a detailed analysis of ordinary and dark energy density of the cosmos based on two different but complimentary theories. First, and starting from the concept of the speed of light being an average over multi-fractals, we use Magueijo-Smolin’s ingenious revision of Einstein’s special relativity famous formula E = mc2 to a doubly special formula which includes the Planck energy as invariant to derive the ordinary energy density E(O) = mc2/22 and the dark energy density E(D) = mc2(21/22) wheremis the mass andcis the speed of light. Second we use the topological theory of pure gravity to reach the same result thus confirming the correctness of the theory of varying speed of light as well as the COBE, WMAP and Type 1a supernova cosmological measurements.
文摘This paper presents a new theory of gravity, called here Ashtekar-Kodama (AK) gravity, which is based on the Ashtekar-Kodama formulation of loop quantum gravity (LQG), yields in the limit the Einstein equations, and in the quantum regime a full renormalizable quantum gauge field theory. The three fundamental constraints (hamiltonian, gaussian and diffeomorphism) were formulated in 3-dimensional spatial form within LQG in Ashtekar formulation using the notion of the Kodama state with positive cosmological constant Λ. We introduce a 4-dimensional covariant version of the 3-dimensional (spatial) hamiltonian, gaussian and diffeomorphism constraints of LQG. We obtain 32 partial differential equations for the 16 variables E<sub>mn</sub> (E-tensor, inverse densitized tetrad of the metric) and 16 variables A<sub>mn</sub> (A-tensor, gravitational wave tensor). We impose the boundary condition: for large distance the E-generated metric g(E) becomes the GR-metric g (normally Schwarzschild-spacetime). The theory based on these Ashtekar-Kodama (AK) equations, and called in the following Ashtekar-Kodama (AK-) gravity has the following properties. • For Λ = 0 the AK equations become Einstein equations, A-tensor is trivial (constant), and the E-generated metric g(E) is identical with the GR-metric g. • When the AK-equations are developed into a Λ-power series, the Λ-term yields a gravitational wave equation, which has only at least quadrupole wave solutions and becomes in the limit of large distance r the (normal electromagnetic) wave equation. • AK-gravity, as opposed to GR, has no singularity at the horizon: the singularity in the metric becomes a (very high) peak. • AK-gravity has a limit scale of the gravitational quantum region 39 μm, which emerges as the limit scale in the objective wave collapse theory of Gherardi-Rimini-Weber. In the quantum region, the AK-gravity becomes a quantum gauge theory (AK quantum gravity) with the Lie group extended SU(2) = ε-tensor-group(four generators) as gauge group and a corr
文摘The Theory of General Singularity is presented, unifying quantum field theory, general relativity, and the standard model. This theory posits phonons as fundamental excitations in a quantum vacuum, modeled as a Bose-Einstein condensate. Through key equations, the role of phonons as intermediaries between matter, energy, and spacetime geometry is demonstrated. The theory expands Einsteins field equations to differentiate between visible and dark matter, and revises the standard model by incorporating phonons. It addresses dark matter, dark energy, gravity, and phase transitions, while making testable predictions. The theory proposes that singularities, the essence of particles and black holes, are quantum entities ubiquitous in nature, constituting the very essence of elementary particles, seen as micro black holes or quantum fractal structures of spacetime. As the theory is refined with increasing mathematical rigor, it builds upon the foundation of initial physical intuition, connecting the spacetime continuum of general relativity with the hydrodynamics of the quantum vacuum. Inspired by the insights of Tesla and Majorana, who believed that physical intuition justifies the infringement of mathematical rigor in the early stages of theory development, this work aims to advance the understanding of the fundamental laws of the universe and the perception of reality.
文摘A theory of quantum gravity has recently been developed by the author based on the concept that all forces converge to one at the moment of Creation. This primordial field can only interact with itself, as no other field exists, contrasting with the Standard Model of Particle Physics in which each elementary particle is an excitation in its own quantum field. The primordial field theory of quantum gravity has produced a model of a fermion with a mass gap, ½-integral spin, discrete charge, and magnetic moment. The mass gap is based on an existence theorem that is anchored in Yang-Mills, while Calabi-Yau anchors ½-integral spin, with charge and magnetic moment based on duality. Based on N-windings, this work is here extended to encompass fractional charge, with the result applied to quarks, yielding fermion mass and charge in agreement with experiment and novel size correlations and a unique quantum gravity-based ontological understanding of quarks.
文摘This is a Unified Field description based on the holographic Time Dilation Cosmology, TDC, model, which is an eternal continuum evolving forward in the forward direction of time, at the speed of light, c, at an invariant 1 s/s rate of time. This is the Fundamental Direction of Evolution, FDE. There is also an evolution down time dilation gradients, the Gravitational Direction of Evolution, GDE. These evolutions are gravity, which is the evolutionary force in time. Gravitational velocities are compensation for the difference in the rate of time, dRt, in a dilation field, and the dRtis equal to the compensatory velocity’s percentage of c, and is a measure of the force in time inducing the velocity. In applied force induced velocities, the dRt is a measure of the resistance in time to the induced velocity, which might be called “anti-gravity” or “negative gravity”. The two effects keep the continuum uniformly evolving forward at c. It is demonstrated that gravity is already a part of the electromagnetic field equations in way of the dRt element contained in the TDC velocity formula. Einstein’s energy formula is defined as a velocity formula and a modified version is used for charged elementary particle solutions. A time dilation-based derivation of the Lorentz force ties gravity directly to the electromagnetic field proving the unified field of gravity and the EMF. It is noted how we could possibly create gravity drives. This is followed by a discussion of black holes, proving supermassive objects, like massive black hole singularities, are impossible, and that black holes are massless Magnetospheric Eternally Collapsing Objects (MECOs) that are vortices in spacetime. .
文摘This paper introduces the two Upsilon constants to the reader. Their usefulness is described with respect to acting as coupling constants between the CMB temperature and the Hubble constant. In addition, this paper summarizes the current state of quantum cosmology with respect to the Flat Space Cosmology (FSC) model. Although the FSC quantum cosmology formulae were published in 2018, they are only rearrangements and substitutions of the other assumptions into the original FSC Hubble temperature formula. In a real sense, this temperature formula was the first quantum cosmology formula developed since Hawking’s black hole temperature formula. A recent development in the last month proves that the FSC Hubble temperature formula can be derived from the Stephan-Boltzmann law. Thus, this Hubble temperature formula effectively unites some quantum developments with the general relativity model inherent in FSC. More progress towards unification in the near-future is expected.
文摘We show the simplest form with which one can express the gravity force, and that still gives all the same predictions of observable phenomena as does standard Newton gravity and general relativity theory. In addition, we show a new field equation that gives all the same predictions as general relativity theory, but that it is simpler as the only constant needed is the speed of light and that also gives quantum gravity. This new form to express gravity, through quantum gravitational energy, requires less constants to predict gravity phenomena than standard gravity theory. This alone should make the physics community interested in investigating this approach. It shows that gravitational energy, and other types of energy are a collision-length in their most complete and deepest form and that quantization of gravity is related to the reduced Compton frequency of the gravitational mass per Planck time. While general relativity theory needs two constants to predict gravity phenomena, that is G and c, our new theory, based on gravity energy, only needs one constant, c<sub>g</sub>, that is easily found from gravitational observations with no prior knowledge of any constants. Further, we will show that, at the deepest quantum level, quantum gravity needs two constants, c<sub>g</sub> and the Planck length, while the standard formulation here needs c, h and l<sub>p</sub>. Thus our theory gives a reduction in constants and simpler formulas than does standard gravity theory. Most important we by this seems to have a fully consistent framework for quantum gravity.
文摘In the study of Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs) and Sonoluminescence, we observe parallels with larger cosmic events. Specifically, sonoluminescence involves the rapid collapse of bubbles, which closely resembles gravitational collapse in space. This observation suggests the potential formation of low-density quantum black holes. These entities, which might be related to dark matter, are thought to experience a kind of transient evaporation similar to Hawking radiation seen in cosmic black holes. Consequently, sonoluminescence could be a valuable tool for investigating phenomena typically linked to cosmic scale events. Furthermore, the role of the Higgs boson is considered in this context, possibly connecting it to both TGFs and sonoluminescence. This research could enhance our understanding of the quantum mechanics of black holes and their relation to dark matter on Earth.
文摘Newton already mentioned indivisible time in Principia. In 1899, Max Planck derived a unique time period from three universal constants: G, c, and ħ, and today this is known as the Planck time. The Planck time is of the order of about 10<sup>−44</sup> seconds while the best atomic clocks are down to 10<sup>−19</sup> seconds. An approach has recently been outlined that puts an upper limit on the quantization of time to 10<sup>−33</sup> seconds;this is, however, still far away from the Planck time. We demonstrate that the Planck time can easily be measured without any knowledge of any other physical constants. This is remarkable as this means we have demonstrated that the Planck time and therefore the Planck scale is real and detectable. It has taken more than 100 years to understand this. The reason for the breakthrough in Planck scale physics in recent years comes from understanding that G is a composite constant and that the true matter wavelength is the Compton wavelength rather than the de Broglie wavelength. When this is understood, the mysteries of the Planck scale can be uncovered. In this paper, we also demonstrate how to measure the number of Planck events in a gravitational mass without relying on any constants. This directly relates to a new and simple method for quantizing general relativity theory that we also will shortly discuss.
文摘This paper is a brief review of our work on the Planck quantized version of general relativity theory. It demonstrates several straightforward methods to rewrite the same equations that we have already presented in other papers. We also explore a relatively new general relativity-inspired field equation based on the original Newtonian mass, which is very different from today’s kilogram mass. Additionally, we examine two other field equations based on collision space-time, where both energy and matter can be described simply as space and time. We are thereby fulfilling Einstein’s dream of a theory where energy and mass are not needed, or are just aspects of space and time. If this is extended beyond the 4-dimensional space-time formalism of general relativity theory to a 6-dimensional framework with 3 space dimensions and 3 time dimensions, this ultimately reveals that they are two sides of the same coin. In reality, it is a three-dimensional space-time theory, where space and time are just two sides of the same coin.
文摘This study aims to demonstrate a proof of concept for a novel theory of the universe based on the Fine Structure Constant (α), derived from n-dimensional prime number property sets, specifically α = 137 and α = 139. The FSC Model introduces a new perspective on the fundamental nature of our universe, showing that α = 137.036 can be calculated from these prime property sets. The Fine Structure Constant, a cornerstone in Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) and Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), implies an underlying structure. This study identifies this mathematical framework and demonstrates how the FSC model theory aligns with our current understanding of physics and cosmology. The results unveil a hierarchy of α values for twin prime pairs U{3/2} through U{199/197}. These values, represented by their fraction parts α♊ (e.g., 0.036), define the relative electromagnetic forces driving quantum energy systems. The lower twin prime pairs, such as U{3/2}, exhibit higher EM forces that decrease as the twin pairs increase, turning dark when they drop below the α♊ for light. The results provide classical definitions for Baryonic Matter/Energy, Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and Antimatter but mostly illustrate how the combined α♊ values for three adjacent twin primes, U{7/5/3/2} mirrors the strong nuclear force of gluons holding quarks together.
文摘This paper suggests explanations for otherwise seemingly unexplained data about elementary particles and cosmology. The explanations have bases in coordinate-based modeling and in integer-based characterizations for some catalogs. One catalog features properties—including charge, mass, and angular momentum—of objects. Another catalog features all known and some possible elementary particles. Assumptions include that multipole-expansion mathematics has uses regarding long-range interactions, such as gravity, and that nature includes six isomers of all elementary particles other than long-range-interaction bosons. One isomer associates with ordinary matter. Five isomers are associated with dark matter. Multipole notions help explain large-scale aspects such as the rate of expansion of the universe.
文摘Largely drawn from “Quantum Theory at the Crossroads: Reconsidering the 1927 Solvay Conference” by Guido Bacciagaluppi and Antony Valentini, but also from several books by Pais (“Inward Bound” and “Subtle is the Lord”), plus other sources, we examine some of the very contemporary themes as to quantum measurement which were debated in the 5<sup>th</sup> Solvay meeting. In addition, we also discuss some issues given by Roland Omnes in “Understanding Quantum Mechanics” as to the problem of classical and quantum properties, which is at the forefront of the Quantum Gravity issues of how to reconcile semi classical physics with the presumed bridge between Planckian physics (presumably quantum in nature) with the rest of cosmology. The issues argued in part by the Solvay meeting as to Quantum measurements and the competing Pilot theory, as brought up by De Broglie, and how that plays out as to the later Hidden Variables and the alleged determinism foundations of an embedding structure for Quantum physics, still are with us, and make the Solvay meeting, 1927 a stellar event, still worth revisiting 90 years later.
文摘Realizing the physical reality of ‘tHooft’s self similar and dimensionaly regularized fractal-like spacetime as well as being inspired by a note worthy anecdote involving the great mathematician of Alexandria, Pythagoras and the larger than life man of theoretical physics Einstein, we utilize some deep mathematical connections between equivalence classes of equivalence relations and E-infinity theory quotient space. We started from the basic principles of self similarity which came to prominence in science with the advent of the modern theory of nonlinear dynamical systems, deterministic chaos and fractals. This fundamental logico-mathematical thread related to partially ordered sets is then applied to show how the classical Newton’s kinetic energy E = 1/2mv<sup>2</sup> leads to Einstein’s celebrated maximal energy equation E = mc<sup>2</sup> and how in turn this can be dissected into the ordinary energy density E(O) = mc<sup>2</sup>/22 and the dark energy density E(D) = mc<sup>2</sup>(21/22) of the cosmos where m is the mass;v is the velocity and c is the speed of light. The important role of the exceptional Lie symmetry groups and ‘tHooft-Veltman-Wilson dimensional regularization in fractal spacetime played in the above is also highlighted. The author hopes that the unusual character of the analysis and presentation of the present work may be taken in a positive vein as seriously attempting to propose a different and new way of doing theoretical physics by treating number theory, set theory, group theory, experimental physics as well as conventional theoretical physics on the same footing and letting all these diverse tools lead us to the answer of fundamental questions without fear of being labelled in one way or another.
文摘This paper proposes a novel approach and simplified model of Quantum Gravity based on the unification framework of Generalized Thermodynamics which suggests cross-related terms and modified equations of General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics. To address the “background problem”, a metric tensor is introduced into stationary Schrödinger equations via curved coordinates yielding quantum spacetime variation term. Then quantum Lagrangian is added to Einstein-Hilbert functional yielding quantum stress-energy tensor. Obtained from one variational principle, two theories are linked by a common quantum spacetime field. The theory offers some interpretations of the quantum vacuum spacetime fluctuations, zero-point-fields, quantum fields shifting towards high spacetime densities, the quantum nature of spacetime, and black hole singularity.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11675272)。
文摘In this study,we extend the surface growth approach for bulk reconstruction into the Ad S spacetime with a boundary in the Ad S/BCFT correspondence.We show that the geometry in the entanglement wedge with a boundary can be constructed from the direct growth of bulk extremal surfaces layer by layer.Furthermore,we observe that the surface growth configuration in BCFT can be connected with the defect multi scale entanglement renormalization ansatz(MERA)tensor network.Additionally,we investigate the entanglement of purification within the surface growth process,which not only reveals more refined structure of entanglement entropy in the entanglement wedge but also suggests a selection rule for surface growth in the bulk reconstruction.
基金supported by Baylor University through the Baylor Physics graduate programsupported by the Initial Research Foundation of Jiangxi Normal University(Grant No.12022827)+3 种基金partially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2020YFC2201504)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11975203,12075202,and 11875136)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.BK20211601)partially supported by the National Science Foundation(Grant No.PHY2308845)。
文摘In this paper,we study the quantum geometric effects near the locations where classical black hole horizons used to appear in Einstein's classical theory,within the framework of an improved dynamic approach,in which the internal region of a black hole is modeled by the Kantowski-Sachs(KS)spacetime and the two polymerization parameters are functions of the phase space variables.Our detailed analysis shows that the effects are so strong that black and white hole horizons of the effective quantum theory do not exist at all and instead are replaced by transition surfaces,across which the metric coefficients and their inverses are smooth and remain finite,as are the corresponding curvatures,including the Kretschmann scalar.These surfaces always separate trapped regions from anti-trapped regions.The number of such surfaces is infinite,so the corresponding KS spacetimes become geodesically complete,and no black and white hole-like structures exist in this scheme.
