未折叠蛋白应答(unfolded protein response,UPR)是应激条件下细胞中内质网的一种保护性反应。在哺乳动物中,其主要通过内质网跨膜蛋白(IRE1、PERK及ATF6)转导的3条信号通路发挥效应,并依赖相关蛋白、因子进行正负反馈调控,以维持细胞...未折叠蛋白应答(unfolded protein response,UPR)是应激条件下细胞中内质网的一种保护性反应。在哺乳动物中,其主要通过内质网跨膜蛋白(IRE1、PERK及ATF6)转导的3条信号通路发挥效应,并依赖相关蛋白、因子进行正负反馈调控,以维持细胞功能正常。如果应激持续存在,UPR调控失衡,诱导细胞凋亡或死亡,引发相关疾病。不少研究选取UPR通路中的关键因子作为疾病治疗靶点,取得一些进展,提供了新的临床思路,具有广阔的应用前景。展开更多
Multiple myeloma(MM)is a type of hematological cancer that occurs when B cells become malignant.Various drugs such as proteasome inhibitors,immunomodulators,and compounds that cause DNA damage can be used in the treat...Multiple myeloma(MM)is a type of hematological cancer that occurs when B cells become malignant.Various drugs such as proteasome inhibitors,immunomodulators,and compounds that cause DNA damage can be used in the treatment of MM.Autophagy,a type 2 cell death mechanism,plays a crucial role in determining the fate of B cells,either promoting their survival or inducing cell death.Therefore,autophagy can either facilitate the progression or hinder the treatment of MM disease.In this review,autophagy mechanisms that may be effective in MM cells were covered and evaluated within the contexts of unfolded protein response(UPR),bone marrow microenvironment(BMME),drug resistance,hypoxia,DNA repair and transcriptional regulation,and apoptosis.The genes that are effective in each mechanism and research efforts on this subject were discussed in detail.Signaling pathways targeted by new drugs to benefit from autophagy in MM disease were covered.The efficacy of drugs that regulate autophagy in MM was examined,and clinical trials on this subject were included.Consequently,among the autophagy mechanisms that are effective in MM,the most suitable ones to be used in the treatment were expressed.The importance of 3D models and microfluidic systems for the discovery of new drugs for autophagy and personalized treatment was emphasized.Ultimately,this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of MM disease,encompassing autophagy mechanisms,drugs,clinical studies,and further studies.展开更多
The regulation of energetic efficiency through the physiological uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation may be a common strategy developed early in evolution.Uncoupling protein families are transporters in mitochondr...The regulation of energetic efficiency through the physiological uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation may be a common strategy developed early in evolution.Uncoupling protein families are transporters in mitochondrial inner membrane.There are five UCP homologs in mammalian genome.UCP1-3 are closely related with each other,while UCP4 and UCP5(also called brain mitochondrial carrier protein-1,BMCP1) differ from them greatly.UCP1-4 were discovered not only in endotherms such as mammals and birds,but also in ectothermic vertebrates such as fish and amphibia.UCP5 was identified only in mammals.UCP1,which is only expressed in mammalian brown adipose tissue,mediates proton leakage of the proton gradient that is generated by the respiratory chain,and as a result,the oxidative energy is dissipated as heat.UCP2 and UCP3 function both in fever,ROS inhibition,fatty acid oxidation,the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus and so on.Their expression regulations are complex.UCP4 and UCP5 diverge from other UCP further. UCP4 is uniquely expressed in brain,whilst UCP5 transcripts are present in multiple tissues,with an especially high abundance in brain.Their functions are still unclear,but they have been implicated in processes similar to those suggested for UCP2 and UCP3.展开更多
1型牛疱疹病毒(Bovine herpesvirus type 1,BHV-1)主要感染牛,对牛的呼吸系统、眼结膜、生殖系统和神经系统均有损害。BHV-1编码的牛感染细胞蛋白27(bovine infected cell protein 27,bICP27)是一种可在细胞核和细胞质之间穿梭的立即早...1型牛疱疹病毒(Bovine herpesvirus type 1,BHV-1)主要感染牛,对牛的呼吸系统、眼结膜、生殖系统和神经系统均有损害。BHV-1编码的牛感染细胞蛋白27(bovine infected cell protein 27,bICP27)是一种可在细胞核和细胞质之间穿梭的立即早期(immediate early,IE)蛋白,可以抑制宿主的先天性免疫应答,能够在病毒感染早期刺激病毒蛋白表达,在感染后期促进病毒复制,调控病毒mRNA转录和宿主基因表达。笔者综述了近年来有关bICP27蛋白在BHV-1感染宿主过程中的作用,以期为BHV-1的深入研究提供参考和借鉴。展开更多
Throughout the globe,diabetes mellitus（DM） is increasing in incidence with limited therapies presently available to prevent or resolve the significant complications of this disorder.DM impacts multiple organs and af...Throughout the globe,diabetes mellitus（DM） is increasing in incidence with limited therapies presently available to prevent or resolve the significant complications of this disorder.DM impacts multiple organs and affects all components of the central and peripheral nervous systems that can range from dementia to diabetic neuropathy.The mechanistic target of rapamycin（m TOR） is a promising agent for the development of novel regenerative strategies for the treatment of DM.m TOR and its related signaling pathways impact multiple metabolic parameters that include cellular metabolic homeostasis,insulin resistance,insulin secretion,stem cell proliferation and differentiation,pancreatic β-cell function,and programmed cell death with apoptosis and autophagy.m TOR is central element for the protein complexes m TOR Complex 1（m TORC1） and m TOR Complex 2（m TORC2） and is a critical component for a number of signaling pathways that involve phosphoinositide 3-kinase（PI 3-K）,protein kinase B（Akt）,AMP activated protein kinase（AMPK）,silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）（SIRT1）,Wnt1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1（WISP1）,and growth factors.As a result,m TOR represents an exciting target to offer new clinical avenues for the treatment of DM and the complications of this disease.Future studies directed to elucidate the delicate balance m TOR holds over cellular metabolism and the impact of its broad signaling pathways should foster the translation of these targets into effective clinical regimens for DM.展开更多
文摘未折叠蛋白应答(unfolded protein response,UPR)是应激条件下细胞中内质网的一种保护性反应。在哺乳动物中,其主要通过内质网跨膜蛋白(IRE1、PERK及ATF6)转导的3条信号通路发挥效应,并依赖相关蛋白、因子进行正负反馈调控,以维持细胞功能正常。如果应激持续存在,UPR调控失衡,诱导细胞凋亡或死亡,引发相关疾病。不少研究选取UPR通路中的关键因子作为疾病治疗靶点,取得一些进展,提供了新的临床思路,具有广阔的应用前景。
基金funded by TUBITAK(Turkish Scientific and Technological Council)grant number 121C417.
文摘Multiple myeloma(MM)is a type of hematological cancer that occurs when B cells become malignant.Various drugs such as proteasome inhibitors,immunomodulators,and compounds that cause DNA damage can be used in the treatment of MM.Autophagy,a type 2 cell death mechanism,plays a crucial role in determining the fate of B cells,either promoting their survival or inducing cell death.Therefore,autophagy can either facilitate the progression or hinder the treatment of MM disease.In this review,autophagy mechanisms that may be effective in MM cells were covered and evaluated within the contexts of unfolded protein response(UPR),bone marrow microenvironment(BMME),drug resistance,hypoxia,DNA repair and transcriptional regulation,and apoptosis.The genes that are effective in each mechanism and research efforts on this subject were discussed in detail.Signaling pathways targeted by new drugs to benefit from autophagy in MM disease were covered.The efficacy of drugs that regulate autophagy in MM was examined,and clinical trials on this subject were included.Consequently,among the autophagy mechanisms that are effective in MM,the most suitable ones to be used in the treatment were expressed.The importance of 3D models and microfluidic systems for the discovery of new drugs for autophagy and personalized treatment was emphasized.Ultimately,this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of MM disease,encompassing autophagy mechanisms,drugs,clinical studies,and further studies.
文摘The regulation of energetic efficiency through the physiological uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation may be a common strategy developed early in evolution.Uncoupling protein families are transporters in mitochondrial inner membrane.There are five UCP homologs in mammalian genome.UCP1-3 are closely related with each other,while UCP4 and UCP5(also called brain mitochondrial carrier protein-1,BMCP1) differ from them greatly.UCP1-4 were discovered not only in endotherms such as mammals and birds,but also in ectothermic vertebrates such as fish and amphibia.UCP5 was identified only in mammals.UCP1,which is only expressed in mammalian brown adipose tissue,mediates proton leakage of the proton gradient that is generated by the respiratory chain,and as a result,the oxidative energy is dissipated as heat.UCP2 and UCP3 function both in fever,ROS inhibition,fatty acid oxidation,the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus and so on.Their expression regulations are complex.UCP4 and UCP5 diverge from other UCP further. UCP4 is uniquely expressed in brain,whilst UCP5 transcripts are present in multiple tissues,with an especially high abundance in brain.Their functions are still unclear,but they have been implicated in processes similar to those suggested for UCP2 and UCP3.
文摘1型牛疱疹病毒(Bovine herpesvirus type 1,BHV-1)主要感染牛,对牛的呼吸系统、眼结膜、生殖系统和神经系统均有损害。BHV-1编码的牛感染细胞蛋白27(bovine infected cell protein 27,bICP27)是一种可在细胞核和细胞质之间穿梭的立即早期(immediate early,IE)蛋白,可以抑制宿主的先天性免疫应答,能够在病毒感染早期刺激病毒蛋白表达,在感染后期促进病毒复制,调控病毒mRNA转录和宿主基因表达。笔者综述了近年来有关bICP27蛋白在BHV-1感染宿主过程中的作用,以期为BHV-1的深入研究提供参考和借鉴。
基金supported by American Diabetes Association,American Heart Association,NIH NIEHS,NIH NIA,NIH NINDS,and NIH ARRA
文摘Throughout the globe,diabetes mellitus（DM） is increasing in incidence with limited therapies presently available to prevent or resolve the significant complications of this disorder.DM impacts multiple organs and affects all components of the central and peripheral nervous systems that can range from dementia to diabetic neuropathy.The mechanistic target of rapamycin（m TOR） is a promising agent for the development of novel regenerative strategies for the treatment of DM.m TOR and its related signaling pathways impact multiple metabolic parameters that include cellular metabolic homeostasis,insulin resistance,insulin secretion,stem cell proliferation and differentiation,pancreatic β-cell function,and programmed cell death with apoptosis and autophagy.m TOR is central element for the protein complexes m TOR Complex 1（m TORC1） and m TOR Complex 2（m TORC2） and is a critical component for a number of signaling pathways that involve phosphoinositide 3-kinase（PI 3-K）,protein kinase B（Akt）,AMP activated protein kinase（AMPK）,silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）（SIRT1）,Wnt1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1（WISP1）,and growth factors.As a result,m TOR represents an exciting target to offer new clinical avenues for the treatment of DM and the complications of this disease.Future studies directed to elucidate the delicate balance m TOR holds over cellular metabolism and the impact of its broad signaling pathways should foster the translation of these targets into effective clinical regimens for DM.
