Radiogenic heat production is a physical parameter crucial to properly estimating lithospheric temperatures and properly understanding processes related to the thermal evolution of the Earth. Yet heat production is, i...Radiogenic heat production is a physical parameter crucial to properly estimating lithospheric temperatures and properly understanding processes related to the thermal evolution of the Earth. Yet heat production is, in general, poorly constrained by direct observation because the key radiogenic elements exist in trace amounts making them difficulty image geophysically. In this study, we advance our knowledge of heat production throughout the lithosphere by analyzing chemical analyses of 108,103 igneous rocks provided by a number of geochemical databases. We produce global estimates of the average and natural range for igneous rocks using common chemical classification systems. Heat production increases as a function of increasing felsic and alkali content with similar values for analogous plutonic and volcanic rocks. The logarithm of median heat production is negatively correlated(r^2=0.98)to compositionally-based estimates of seismic velocities between 6.0 and 7.4 km s^(-1), consistent with the vast majority of igneous rock compositions. Compositional variations for continent-wide models are also well-described by a log-linear correlation between heat production and seismic velocity. However, there are differences between the log-linear models for North America and Australia, that are consistent with interpretations from previous studies that suggest above average heat production across much of Australia. Similar log-linear models also perform well within individual geological provinces with^1000 samples. This correlation raises the prospect that this empirical method can be used to estimate average heat production and natural variance both laterally and vertically throughout the lithosphere. This correlative relationship occurs despite a direct causal relationship between these two parameters but probably arises from the process of differentiation through melting and crystallization.展开更多
The experiment was conducted to evaluate hormonal involvement in the adipose metabolism and lactation between high and low producing dairy cows in a hot environment. Forty Holstein healthy cows with a similar parity w...The experiment was conducted to evaluate hormonal involvement in the adipose metabolism and lactation between high and low producing dairy cows in a hot environment. Forty Holstein healthy cows with a similar parity were used and assigned into high producing group(average production41.44 ± 2.25 kg/d) and low producing group(average production 29.92 ± 1.02 kg/d) with 20 cows in each group. Blood samples were collected from caudal vein to determine the difference of hormones related to adipose metabolism and lactation. The highest, lowest, and average temperature humidity index(THI),recorded as 84.02, 79.35 and 81.89, respectively, indicated that cows were at the state of high heat stress.No significant differences between high and low producing groups were observed in the levels of nonestesterified fatty acid(NEFA), β-hydroxy butyrate(β-OHB), total cholesterol(TCHO), and insulin(INS)(P > 0.05). However, the very low density lipoprotein(VLDL), apolipoprotein B100(apoB-100), highdensity lipoprotein(HDL-C) and estrogen(E2) concentrations in high producing group were significantly higher than those of low producing group(P < 0.05). No significant differences between high and low producing groups were observed in the levels of prolactin(PRL) and progesterone(PROG)(P > 0.05),whereas high producing group had a rise in the insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1) level compared with low producing group(P < 0.05). These results indicated that, during summer, high and low producing dairy cows have similar levels of lipid catabolism, but high producing dairy cows have advantages in outputting hepatic triglyceride(TG).展开更多
The industrial biomass combustor of Halla food factory in Thailand was designed for drying tuna fish product. The purpose of this paper needed to present the design of a factory combustor for producing heat in the dry...The industrial biomass combustor of Halla food factory in Thailand was designed for drying tuna fish product. The purpose of this paper needed to present the design of a factory combustor for producing heat in the drying process by thermal energy from biomass fuel combustion to reduce the investment cost. A drying chamber was made from four concrete walls in the rectangular volume of 4.7 × 4.7 × 2.5 m3 for drying tuna fishes that sliced to small pieces of around 2,680 kg fresh tuna. The hot air tube in the combustor was used for driving hot air to dry fishes in the drying chamber. Heat from acacia wood burning in the combustor with the consumption rate of 50.1 kg/h was transferred by the hot air. The design result was calculated for thermal energy and the efficiency of around 200 kW, and 32%, respectively in the case of 0.62 m3/s hot air flow rate that circulation between the combustor and the drying chamber. The experimental result shows that the moister content of 78.9%wb was decreased to around 13.8%wb in 5 days without petroleum fuel. The drying temperature was controlled at 70℃ continuously for reducing hard containing, and the closed loop tube design for the less of BaP （benzo （a） pyrene） from combustion smoking of the drying industrial process.展开更多
从货架期内袋装产膜醋中分离得到8株产膜菌,对其中两株代表菌株D23、D24,进行形态学特征和16S r DNA鉴定,并以这两株产膜菌为对象,研究不同酸度、热杀菌条件及防腐剂对其控制。结果表明,菌株D23为木葡糖醋酸杆菌(Gluconacetobacter oboe...从货架期内袋装产膜醋中分离得到8株产膜菌,对其中两株代表菌株D23、D24,进行形态学特征和16S r DNA鉴定,并以这两株产膜菌为对象,研究不同酸度、热杀菌条件及防腐剂对其控制。结果表明,菌株D23为木葡糖醋酸杆菌(Gluconacetobacter oboediens),菌株D24为巴氏醋杆菌(Acetobacter pasteurianus);当食醋的酸度≥3.5g/100m L,2%接种量的产膜菌不能在食醋中生长繁殖并产膜;产膜菌的热致死条件是60℃10min;三种防腐剂(尼泊金乙酯、山梨酸钾、苯甲酸钠)对产膜菌产膜均有良好的抑制作用。展开更多
基金supported by a University of Adelaide summer research scholarship as part of this work
文摘Radiogenic heat production is a physical parameter crucial to properly estimating lithospheric temperatures and properly understanding processes related to the thermal evolution of the Earth. Yet heat production is, in general, poorly constrained by direct observation because the key radiogenic elements exist in trace amounts making them difficulty image geophysically. In this study, we advance our knowledge of heat production throughout the lithosphere by analyzing chemical analyses of 108,103 igneous rocks provided by a number of geochemical databases. We produce global estimates of the average and natural range for igneous rocks using common chemical classification systems. Heat production increases as a function of increasing felsic and alkali content with similar values for analogous plutonic and volcanic rocks. The logarithm of median heat production is negatively correlated(r^2=0.98)to compositionally-based estimates of seismic velocities between 6.0 and 7.4 km s^(-1), consistent with the vast majority of igneous rock compositions. Compositional variations for continent-wide models are also well-described by a log-linear correlation between heat production and seismic velocity. However, there are differences between the log-linear models for North America and Australia, that are consistent with interpretations from previous studies that suggest above average heat production across much of Australia. Similar log-linear models also perform well within individual geological provinces with^1000 samples. This correlation raises the prospect that this empirical method can be used to estimate average heat production and natural variance both laterally and vertically throughout the lithosphere. This correlative relationship occurs despite a direct causal relationship between these two parameters but probably arises from the process of differentiation through melting and crystallization.
基金supported by the earmarked fund for National Science and Technology Project:Production Technique Integration and Industrialization Demonstration of Dairy Health Farming in Southern Pastoral Area.(2012BAD12B10)
文摘The experiment was conducted to evaluate hormonal involvement in the adipose metabolism and lactation between high and low producing dairy cows in a hot environment. Forty Holstein healthy cows with a similar parity were used and assigned into high producing group(average production41.44 ± 2.25 kg/d) and low producing group(average production 29.92 ± 1.02 kg/d) with 20 cows in each group. Blood samples were collected from caudal vein to determine the difference of hormones related to adipose metabolism and lactation. The highest, lowest, and average temperature humidity index(THI),recorded as 84.02, 79.35 and 81.89, respectively, indicated that cows were at the state of high heat stress.No significant differences between high and low producing groups were observed in the levels of nonestesterified fatty acid(NEFA), β-hydroxy butyrate(β-OHB), total cholesterol(TCHO), and insulin(INS)(P > 0.05). However, the very low density lipoprotein(VLDL), apolipoprotein B100(apoB-100), highdensity lipoprotein(HDL-C) and estrogen(E2) concentrations in high producing group were significantly higher than those of low producing group(P < 0.05). No significant differences between high and low producing groups were observed in the levels of prolactin(PRL) and progesterone(PROG)(P > 0.05),whereas high producing group had a rise in the insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1) level compared with low producing group(P < 0.05). These results indicated that, during summer, high and low producing dairy cows have similar levels of lipid catabolism, but high producing dairy cows have advantages in outputting hepatic triglyceride(TG).
文摘The industrial biomass combustor of Halla food factory in Thailand was designed for drying tuna fish product. The purpose of this paper needed to present the design of a factory combustor for producing heat in the drying process by thermal energy from biomass fuel combustion to reduce the investment cost. A drying chamber was made from four concrete walls in the rectangular volume of 4.7 × 4.7 × 2.5 m3 for drying tuna fishes that sliced to small pieces of around 2,680 kg fresh tuna. The hot air tube in the combustor was used for driving hot air to dry fishes in the drying chamber. Heat from acacia wood burning in the combustor with the consumption rate of 50.1 kg/h was transferred by the hot air. The design result was calculated for thermal energy and the efficiency of around 200 kW, and 32%, respectively in the case of 0.62 m3/s hot air flow rate that circulation between the combustor and the drying chamber. The experimental result shows that the moister content of 78.9%wb was decreased to around 13.8%wb in 5 days without petroleum fuel. The drying temperature was controlled at 70℃ continuously for reducing hard containing, and the closed loop tube design for the less of BaP （benzo （a） pyrene） from combustion smoking of the drying industrial process.
