The Analytic Network Process (ANP) is a multicriteria theory of measurement used to derive relative priority scales of absolute numbers from individual judgments (or from actual measurements normalized to a relative f...The Analytic Network Process (ANP) is a multicriteria theory of measurement used to derive relative priority scales of absolute numbers from individual judgments (or from actual measurements normalized to a relative form) that also belong to a fundamental scale of absolute numbers. These judgments represent the relative influence, of one of two elements over the other in a pairwise comparison process on a third element in the system, with respect to an underlying control criterion. Through its supermatrix, whose entries are themselves matrices of column priorities, the ANP synthesizes the outcome of dependence and feedback within and between clusters of elements. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) with its independence assumptions on upper levels from lower levels and the independence of the elements in a level is a special case of the ANP. The ANP is an essential tool for articulating our understanding of a decision problem. One had to overcome the limitation of linear hierarchic structures and their mathematical consequences. This part on the ANP summarizes and illustrates the basic concepts of the ANP and shows how informed intuitive judgments can lead to real life answers that are matched by actual measurements in the real world (for example, relative dollar values) as illustrated in market share examples that rely on judgments and not on numerical data.展开更多
Background:Neglected tropical diseases(NTDs)have long been overlooked in the global health agenda.They are intimately related to poverty,cause important local burdens of disease,but individually do not represent globa...Background:Neglected tropical diseases(NTDs)have long been overlooked in the global health agenda.They are intimately related to poverty,cause important local burdens of disease,but individually do not represent global priorities.Yet,NTDs were estimated to affect close to 2 billion people at the turn of the millennium,with a collective burden equivalent to HIV/AIDS,tuberculosis,or malaria.A global response was therefore warranted.Main text:The World Health Organization(WHO)conceived an innovative strategy in the early 2000s to combat NTDs as a group of diseases,based on a combination of five public health interventions.Access to essential NTD medicines has hugely improved thanks to strong public-private partnership involving the pharmaceutical sector.The combination of a WHO NTD roadmap with clear targets to be achieved by 2020 and game-changing partner commitments endorsed in the London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases,have led to unprecedented progress in the implementation of large-scale preventive treatment,case management and care of NTDs.The coming decade will see as challenges the mainstreaming of these NTD interventions into Universal Health Coverage and the coordination with other sectors to get to the roots of poverty and scale up transmissionbreaking interventions.Chinese expertise with the elimination of multiple NTDs,together with poverty reduction and intersectoral action piloted by municipalities and local governments,can serve as a model for the latter.The international community will also need to keep a specific focus on NTDs in order to further steer this global response,manage the scaling up and sustainment of NTD interventions globally,and develop novel products and implementation strategies for NTDs that are still lagging behind.Conclusions:The year 2020 will be crucial for the future of the global response to NTDs.Progress against the 2020 roadmap targets will be assessed,a new 2021–2030 NTD roadmap will be launched,and the London Declaration commitments will need to be renewed.I展开更多
This review aims to provide a concise overview of the trauma management evolution in the past decade. 1） Trauma care priorities have incorporated staff protection against infection and early decision making in additi...This review aims to provide a concise overview of the trauma management evolution in the past decade. 1） Trauma care priorities have incorporated staff protection against infection and early decision making in addition to the conventional ABCDE. 2） Five stratified levels for DAM have replaced the non-specific conventional Plans A ＆ B. 3） CT scanning can be the tunnel to death for the hemodynamically unstable patient. 4） DPL has virtually been replaced by the FAST USG. 5） Direct whole-body MDCT provides rapid imaging diagnosis ＆ expedites the definitive treatment but carries high radiation hazards. 6） The dynamic shock assessment by fluid resuscitation response provides more outcome-specific evaluation than the static blood volume loss model. 7） DCR comprising of permissive hypotension, hemostatic resuscitation ＆ DCS aims to overcome the lethal triad of trauma. Early transfusion of blood components of FFP ＆ platelet concentrates improves the outcome in massive blood transfusion. 8） DCS aims to rectify the deranged physiology and not to fully restore the damaged anatomy. 9） A pre-defined protocol for major pelvic fracture can be life-saving and the novel Pre-PPP （pre-peritoneal pelvic packing） may further reduce mortality coupled with the necessary TCAE. 10） Injury prevention is equally important if not more than the trauma resuscitation ＆ operation.展开更多
Introduction: Infertilityaffects one in six couples, and it is an important public health issue largely due to thepervasive effects on the emotional and psychological wellbeing of affected couples. In many developing ...Introduction: Infertilityaffects one in six couples, and it is an important public health issue largely due to thepervasive effects on the emotional and psychological wellbeing of affected couples. In many developing nations emphasis is placed on childbirth and inability to fulfill this role can be very distressing. There is an unmet need for assisted reproductive technology (ART) in many developing countries and where facilities exist, they are mostly privately owned, expensive and concentrated in urban areas. To bridge this gap, public fertility clinics have been established to provide subsidized care. Evaluating the characteristics and peculiarities of clientele presenting at these public facilities will aid planning and prioritization of care. Methodology: A descriptive retrospective study of 116 infertile patients presenting to the fertility clinic of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria from inception on the 14<sup>th</sup> of February 2019 and 31<sup>st</sup> of December 2022.Data was analyzed using the Statical Package for Social Sciences (IBM, SPSS, New York) version 23. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the results which were presented with the aid of bar charts and frequency tables. Result: The mean age of the patients was 40.70 ± 6.62 years. Post-menopausal patients accounted for about one-fifth of the study population while 80.2% (93 women) were older than 35 years. The mean duration of infertility was 9.39 ± 6.11years and nine patients (7.8%) had a duration greater than 2 decades. Secondary infertility occurred in 67.2% of the women. Twenty-nine women (25%) had undergone myomectomy prior to presentation. Hypertension (11.2%) was the most prevalent comorbidity. Nineteen patients (16.4%) had used contraceptives in the past with the male condom (36.8%)being the most preponderant. Sixty-seven patients had experienced pregnancy losses before 28 weeks of gestation while just 16 patients (13.8%) had undergone ART, and none was successful. Conclusion: Secondary infertility was the 展开更多
文摘The Analytic Network Process (ANP) is a multicriteria theory of measurement used to derive relative priority scales of absolute numbers from individual judgments (or from actual measurements normalized to a relative form) that also belong to a fundamental scale of absolute numbers. These judgments represent the relative influence, of one of two elements over the other in a pairwise comparison process on a third element in the system, with respect to an underlying control criterion. Through its supermatrix, whose entries are themselves matrices of column priorities, the ANP synthesizes the outcome of dependence and feedback within and between clusters of elements. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) with its independence assumptions on upper levels from lower levels and the independence of the elements in a level is a special case of the ANP. The ANP is an essential tool for articulating our understanding of a decision problem. One had to overcome the limitation of linear hierarchic structures and their mathematical consequences. This part on the ANP summarizes and illustrates the basic concepts of the ANP and shows how informed intuitive judgments can lead to real life answers that are matched by actual measurements in the real world (for example, relative dollar values) as illustrated in market share examples that rely on judgments and not on numerical data.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2016YFC1202000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.81973108).
文摘Background:Neglected tropical diseases(NTDs)have long been overlooked in the global health agenda.They are intimately related to poverty,cause important local burdens of disease,but individually do not represent global priorities.Yet,NTDs were estimated to affect close to 2 billion people at the turn of the millennium,with a collective burden equivalent to HIV/AIDS,tuberculosis,or malaria.A global response was therefore warranted.Main text:The World Health Organization(WHO)conceived an innovative strategy in the early 2000s to combat NTDs as a group of diseases,based on a combination of five public health interventions.Access to essential NTD medicines has hugely improved thanks to strong public-private partnership involving the pharmaceutical sector.The combination of a WHO NTD roadmap with clear targets to be achieved by 2020 and game-changing partner commitments endorsed in the London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases,have led to unprecedented progress in the implementation of large-scale preventive treatment,case management and care of NTDs.The coming decade will see as challenges the mainstreaming of these NTD interventions into Universal Health Coverage and the coordination with other sectors to get to the roots of poverty and scale up transmissionbreaking interventions.Chinese expertise with the elimination of multiple NTDs,together with poverty reduction and intersectoral action piloted by municipalities and local governments,can serve as a model for the latter.The international community will also need to keep a specific focus on NTDs in order to further steer this global response,manage the scaling up and sustainment of NTD interventions globally,and develop novel products and implementation strategies for NTDs that are still lagging behind.Conclusions:The year 2020 will be crucial for the future of the global response to NTDs.Progress against the 2020 roadmap targets will be assessed,a new 2021–2030 NTD roadmap will be launched,and the London Declaration commitments will need to be renewed.I
文摘This review aims to provide a concise overview of the trauma management evolution in the past decade. 1） Trauma care priorities have incorporated staff protection against infection and early decision making in addition to the conventional ABCDE. 2） Five stratified levels for DAM have replaced the non-specific conventional Plans A ＆ B. 3） CT scanning can be the tunnel to death for the hemodynamically unstable patient. 4） DPL has virtually been replaced by the FAST USG. 5） Direct whole-body MDCT provides rapid imaging diagnosis ＆ expedites the definitive treatment but carries high radiation hazards. 6） The dynamic shock assessment by fluid resuscitation response provides more outcome-specific evaluation than the static blood volume loss model. 7） DCR comprising of permissive hypotension, hemostatic resuscitation ＆ DCS aims to overcome the lethal triad of trauma. Early transfusion of blood components of FFP ＆ platelet concentrates improves the outcome in massive blood transfusion. 8） DCS aims to rectify the deranged physiology and not to fully restore the damaged anatomy. 9） A pre-defined protocol for major pelvic fracture can be life-saving and the novel Pre-PPP （pre-peritoneal pelvic packing） may further reduce mortality coupled with the necessary TCAE. 10） Injury prevention is equally important if not more than the trauma resuscitation ＆ operation.
文摘Introduction: Infertilityaffects one in six couples, and it is an important public health issue largely due to thepervasive effects on the emotional and psychological wellbeing of affected couples. In many developing nations emphasis is placed on childbirth and inability to fulfill this role can be very distressing. There is an unmet need for assisted reproductive technology (ART) in many developing countries and where facilities exist, they are mostly privately owned, expensive and concentrated in urban areas. To bridge this gap, public fertility clinics have been established to provide subsidized care. Evaluating the characteristics and peculiarities of clientele presenting at these public facilities will aid planning and prioritization of care. Methodology: A descriptive retrospective study of 116 infertile patients presenting to the fertility clinic of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria from inception on the 14<sup>th</sup> of February 2019 and 31<sup>st</sup> of December 2022.Data was analyzed using the Statical Package for Social Sciences (IBM, SPSS, New York) version 23. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the results which were presented with the aid of bar charts and frequency tables. Result: The mean age of the patients was 40.70 ± 6.62 years. Post-menopausal patients accounted for about one-fifth of the study population while 80.2% (93 women) were older than 35 years. The mean duration of infertility was 9.39 ± 6.11years and nine patients (7.8%) had a duration greater than 2 decades. Secondary infertility occurred in 67.2% of the women. Twenty-nine women (25%) had undergone myomectomy prior to presentation. Hypertension (11.2%) was the most prevalent comorbidity. Nineteen patients (16.4%) had used contraceptives in the past with the male condom (36.8%)being the most preponderant. Sixty-seven patients had experienced pregnancy losses before 28 weeks of gestation while just 16 patients (13.8%) had undergone ART, and none was successful. Conclusion: Secondary infertility was the
