Background：Quantifying syphilis prevalence is important for planning interventions and advocating for resources on syphilis.However,data on large sample studies regarding the prevalence of syphilis among reproductive...Background：Quantifying syphilis prevalence is important for planning interventions and advocating for resources on syphilis.However,data on large sample studies regarding the prevalence of syphilis among reproductive-age women in rural China were not available for analysis.The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence,epidemiological characteristics,and related factors of syphilis infection among reproductive-age women in rural China.Methods：Data were obtained from a nationwide,population-based,cross-sectional study under the National Free Preconception Health Examination Project which covered all the 31 provinces in China's Mainland.Women intending to get pregnant within the next 6 months were enrolled between January 1,2010,and December 31,2012.Sociodemographic,gynecological and obstetric characteristics,and other relevant information were obtained through face-to-face interviews.Treponema pallidum particle agglutination assay test was used to detect positive samples of syphilis.Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were performed to assess the associations between syphilis seropositivity and related factors.Results：The overall seroprevalence of syphilis （SPS） among the 2,044,126 women who received syphilis screening test during 2010-2012 was 0.37% （95% confidence interval [CI]：0.36-0.37%）.The SPS appeared 0.24% （95% CI：0.23-0.26%） and 0.66% （95% CI：0.59-0.72%） in women at 21-24 and 40-44 years of age,respectively,showing an increase of SPS,parallel with age,and the difference was significant.SPS was significantly higher in ethnic minorities than that in Han nationality （0.58% vs.0.35%,respectively,odds ratio [OR] =1.41,95% CI：1.30-1.53） and higher in workers than that in farmers （0.45% vs.0.36%,respectively,OR =1.27,95% CI：1.14-1.41）.Women with primary school or below level had a higher SPS as compared to those with college or above educational level （0.61% vs.0.32%,respectively,OR =2.49,95% CI：2.14-2.89）,and the increase reversely correlated with展开更多
Background: The goal of preconception care is to improve the outcome of a mother’s pregnancy and childbirth. Nevertheless, in most developing nations;Zambia included, there are still issues with implementation of pre...Background: The goal of preconception care is to improve the outcome of a mother’s pregnancy and childbirth. Nevertheless, in most developing nations;Zambia included, there are still issues with implementation of preconception care. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish the provision of preconception care by midwives, nurses and doctors at Ndola Teaching Hospital in Zambia. Methods: A concurrent embedded mixed methodology utilising a descriptive explorative study design, where 107 respondents were randomly selected using the lottery technique for quantitative part and two focused group discussions for qualitative part of the study was used. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data and a focus group discussion guide was used for the focus group discussions. Statistical Package of Social Sciences version 26 with significance set at 0.05 and at 95% confidence level and thematic analysis were used for data analysis. Results: 75% of the respondents in this study were not providing preconception care and only 25% of respondents were providing preconception care;however, this was provided randomly because there were no guidelines to follow. Among the respondents, 81.3% had medium knowledge, 70.1% had good practices and 92.5% had positive attitudes towards preconception care. Further analysis showed that the association between preconception care and knowledge, practices and attitudes was not statistically significant (p = values 0.336;0.344;1.000 respectively). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that participants with high knowledge were five times more likely to provide preconception care (OR = 5.00, CI = 0.42 - 59.7, P = 0.203). Generally, all the participants acknowledged that preconception care was an important package that could prevent maternal and child morbidities and mortalities. Conclusions: The study revealed that most of the respondents were not providing preconception care. Provision of preconception was done by a small fraction of the respondents and it w展开更多
直接电影(Direct Cinema)与真实电影(Cinema de Verite)在1950年代末相伴而生,很多情况下被认为是两个可以互换的概念。随着纪录片制作观念和理论的不断更新,它们在形式、内在含义和观念表达上都逐渐产生了不小差异,使分别遵循这两个原...直接电影(Direct Cinema)与真实电影(Cinema de Verite)在1950年代末相伴而生,很多情况下被认为是两个可以互换的概念。随着纪录片制作观念和理论的不断更新,它们在形式、内在含义和观念表达上都逐渐产生了不小差异,使分别遵循这两个原则而创作的影片走入了迥异的方向。本文以对2013年在世界范围内上映的两部有广泛影响的纪录片《杀戮演绎》(The Act of Killing)和《疯爱》之个案分析为基础,结合纪录片发展史上的经典作品与实践理论,尝试揭示在处理"预设立场"问题上这二者截然相反的态度,以及它们在电影实践手段上所采用的不同原则和在题材选择上各自所倾向的不同重点。全文旨在揭示直接电影与真实电影在理论与实践上的异同,从而对纪录片创作基本原则进行重新定义和再认识。展开更多
文摘Background：Quantifying syphilis prevalence is important for planning interventions and advocating for resources on syphilis.However,data on large sample studies regarding the prevalence of syphilis among reproductive-age women in rural China were not available for analysis.The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence,epidemiological characteristics,and related factors of syphilis infection among reproductive-age women in rural China.Methods：Data were obtained from a nationwide,population-based,cross-sectional study under the National Free Preconception Health Examination Project which covered all the 31 provinces in China's Mainland.Women intending to get pregnant within the next 6 months were enrolled between January 1,2010,and December 31,2012.Sociodemographic,gynecological and obstetric characteristics,and other relevant information were obtained through face-to-face interviews.Treponema pallidum particle agglutination assay test was used to detect positive samples of syphilis.Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were performed to assess the associations between syphilis seropositivity and related factors.Results：The overall seroprevalence of syphilis （SPS） among the 2,044,126 women who received syphilis screening test during 2010-2012 was 0.37% （95% confidence interval [CI]：0.36-0.37%）.The SPS appeared 0.24% （95% CI：0.23-0.26%） and 0.66% （95% CI：0.59-0.72%） in women at 21-24 and 40-44 years of age,respectively,showing an increase of SPS,parallel with age,and the difference was significant.SPS was significantly higher in ethnic minorities than that in Han nationality （0.58% vs.0.35%,respectively,odds ratio [OR] =1.41,95% CI：1.30-1.53） and higher in workers than that in farmers （0.45% vs.0.36%,respectively,OR =1.27,95% CI：1.14-1.41）.Women with primary school or below level had a higher SPS as compared to those with college or above educational level （0.61% vs.0.32%,respectively,OR =2.49,95% CI：2.14-2.89）,and the increase reversely correlated with
文摘Background: The goal of preconception care is to improve the outcome of a mother’s pregnancy and childbirth. Nevertheless, in most developing nations;Zambia included, there are still issues with implementation of preconception care. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish the provision of preconception care by midwives, nurses and doctors at Ndola Teaching Hospital in Zambia. Methods: A concurrent embedded mixed methodology utilising a descriptive explorative study design, where 107 respondents were randomly selected using the lottery technique for quantitative part and two focused group discussions for qualitative part of the study was used. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data and a focus group discussion guide was used for the focus group discussions. Statistical Package of Social Sciences version 26 with significance set at 0.05 and at 95% confidence level and thematic analysis were used for data analysis. Results: 75% of the respondents in this study were not providing preconception care and only 25% of respondents were providing preconception care;however, this was provided randomly because there were no guidelines to follow. Among the respondents, 81.3% had medium knowledge, 70.1% had good practices and 92.5% had positive attitudes towards preconception care. Further analysis showed that the association between preconception care and knowledge, practices and attitudes was not statistically significant (p = values 0.336;0.344;1.000 respectively). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that participants with high knowledge were five times more likely to provide preconception care (OR = 5.00, CI = 0.42 - 59.7, P = 0.203). Generally, all the participants acknowledged that preconception care was an important package that could prevent maternal and child morbidities and mortalities. Conclusions: The study revealed that most of the respondents were not providing preconception care. Provision of preconception was done by a small fraction of the respondents and it w
文摘直接电影(Direct Cinema)与真实电影(Cinema de Verite)在1950年代末相伴而生,很多情况下被认为是两个可以互换的概念。随着纪录片制作观念和理论的不断更新,它们在形式、内在含义和观念表达上都逐渐产生了不小差异,使分别遵循这两个原则而创作的影片走入了迥异的方向。本文以对2013年在世界范围内上映的两部有广泛影响的纪录片《杀戮演绎》(The Act of Killing)和《疯爱》之个案分析为基础,结合纪录片发展史上的经典作品与实践理论,尝试揭示在处理"预设立场"问题上这二者截然相反的态度,以及它们在电影实践手段上所采用的不同原则和在题材选择上各自所倾向的不同重点。全文旨在揭示直接电影与真实电影在理论与实践上的异同,从而对纪录片创作基本原则进行重新定义和再认识。
