Cankered, dying seedlings of Juglans regia were observed in Shaanxi province in the northwest region of China. Neofusicoccum parvum was isolated from these cankered tissues, with the identification based on mor- pholo...Cankered, dying seedlings of Juglans regia were observed in Shaanxi province in the northwest region of China. Neofusicoccum parvum was isolated from these cankered tissues, with the identification based on mor- phology and an ITS-nrDNA sequence. In order to demonstrate how cultures of N. parvum could cause the expected symptoms, artificial infection, using these isolates and re-isolation of the pathogen, was used. This is the first report on this taxon as a walnut canker pathogen in China.展开更多
A novel geometric approach is proposed for the development of the wave-particle notions. This approach is based on a comparison of the two geometries with different sizes of an infinitesimal point. It is assumed that ...A novel geometric approach is proposed for the development of the wave-particle notions. This approach is based on a comparison of the two geometries with different sizes of an infinitesimal point. It is assumed that the smaller is object mass, the larger is the size of the infinitesimal point in comparison with the point of the geometry of macro world. Within this approach, the smaller is object mass, the larger is the uncertainty of its position from the viewpoint of macro objects (macro geometry). This approach provides a natural ex-planation of Heisenberg’s indeterminancy principle. Formally, this approach appears as an unusual operation with an infinitesimal value (point). However, it should be noted that unusual operations (though with infinitely large values) are already known in physics. These are unattainability of the absolute zero of temperature and unattainability of the maximal velocity of movement. Interconnection of the two geometries with different sizes of infinitesimal values is possible with the help of the direct and inverse Weierstrass transformation. At present, diffraction effects are described using the wave notions about the light and Fourier transform. The diffraction of light is usually registered at a distance not less than 1 - 3 metres between the screens in one of which there is a slit or several slits. This distance is about 106 times longer than the wavelength of the radiation. In the present work, an approach is proposed that allows one to describe the light fluxes at short distances between the screens with the help of Fourier and Weierstrass transforms.展开更多
The manuscript titled "Vacuoles of Candida yeast behave as a specialized niche for Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)" not only has not been prepared in a scientific manner but the methodology used was not adequa...The manuscript titled "Vacuoles of Candida yeast behave as a specialized niche for Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)" not only has not been prepared in a scientific manner but the methodology used was not adequate, and therefore the conclusion reached was not correct. First of all, "yeast" is a broad terminology covering a great number of genera and species of unicellular micro-organisms. The authors should have defined the organism with its binary scientific name. This measure would allow experiment reproduction by the scientific community. Moreover, the criteria established by Robert Koch to identify a specific microorganism or pathogen was not adopted in the methodology used. Regarding the methodology applied, use of the chicken eggyolk(Ig Y) antibody and PCR of the apparently tainted yeast population to prove H. pylori existence in the yeast vacuoles might be main factors for their wrong conclusions. Bacterial tropism toward yeast extract is a known phenomenon, and yeast extract is one of the main ingredients in culture media. Their internalization through phagocytosis or similar pathways does not seem possible or practical because of the thick and cellulosic yeast wall. While the small size of yeast cells does not support their ability in harboring several H. pylori, other observations such as inefficiency of antifungal therapy as anti-Helicobacter therapy strongly reject the conclusion reached by the above-mentioned article.展开更多
In this article we show that quantum physics is a straightforward and comprehensive consequence of the model of discrete space-time that we have put forward in [1] 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0...In this article we show that quantum physics is a straightforward and comprehensive consequence of the model of discrete space-time that we have put forward in [1] 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003300390036003800390032003800330035000000 . We first introduce the concept of coherent domains and give a proof of the various postulates and principles that form the basis of one-particle quantum systems. Then we consider how spin-statistic theorem and the formalism of second quantization, that are prerequisites for a description of many-particles systems, emerge from the model. Finally the same framework suggests the idea of rigid histories which allows an interpretation of quantum entanglement to be proposed.展开更多
The proportion of the reported cases of Zika virus(ZIKV) infection reached the status of a pandemic. Numerous studies are being conducted on the isolation of ZIKV strains from various epidemics, diagnosis of the infec...The proportion of the reported cases of Zika virus(ZIKV) infection reached the status of a pandemic. Numerous studies are being conducted on the isolation of ZIKV strains from various epidemics, diagnosis of the infections, various animal models and cell culture designs to study the pathogenesis of ZIKV in the attempts to find an effective ZIKV vaccine. This review focuses upon the 'Off-Spectrum' body of studies which analyses the epidemiology, pathogenesis and other attributes of ZIKV in the light of various dissident hypotheses.展开更多
Emerging and re-emerging viruses continue to surface all over the world.Some of these viruses have the potential for rapid and global spread with high morbidity and mortality,such as the SARS coronavirus outbreak.It i...Emerging and re-emerging viruses continue to surface all over the world.Some of these viruses have the potential for rapid and global spread with high morbidity and mortality,such as the SARS coronavirus outbreak.It is extremely urgent and important to identify a novel virus near-instantaneously to develop an active preventive and/or control strategy.As a cultureindependent approach,viral metagenomics has been widely used to investigate highly divergent and completely new viruses in humans,animals,and even environmental samples in the past decade.A new model of Koch's postulates,named the metagenomic Koch's postulates,has provided guidance for the study of the pathogenicity of novel viruses.This review explains the viral metagenomics strategy for virus discovery and describes viruses discovered in human feces in the past 10 years using this approach.This review also addresses issues related to the metagenomic Koch's postulates and the challenges for virus discovery in the future.展开更多
In Bazhong City,Sichuan Province,China,top dieback symptoms were found on many pine trees(Pinus thunbergii Parl).The tips of old needles first turned grayish-green and then developed into brown bands in the field.Phyl...In Bazhong City,Sichuan Province,China,top dieback symptoms were found on many pine trees(Pinus thunbergii Parl).The tips of old needles first turned grayish-green and then developed into brown bands in the field.Phylogenetic analysis of concatenated ITS and EF1-αindicated the pathogen of this dieback disease as Diplodia neojuniperi.Additionally,effects of temperature,pH and medium on the mycelial growth were also characterized.The most favorable temperature and pH level for mycelial growth are 25°C and 8,respectively.The optimal medium for mycelial growth is PDA medium.To our knowledge,this is the first report of D.neojuniperi causes Diplodia top dieback on Pinus thunbergii.Our results provide fundamental information for monitoring and preventing such disease in the future.展开更多
Cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)is a key fiber crop of great commercial importance.Numerous phytopathogens decimate crop production by causing various diseases.During July-August 2018,leaf spot symptoms were recurrently ...Cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)is a key fiber crop of great commercial importance.Numerous phytopathogens decimate crop production by causing various diseases.During July-August 2018,leaf spot symptoms were recurrently observed on cotton leaves in Rahim Yar Khan,Pakistan and adjacent areas.Infected leaf samples were collected and plated on potato dextrose agar(PDA)media.Causal agent of cotton leaf spot was isolated,characterized and identified as Aspergillus tubingensis based on morphological and microscopic observations.Conclusive identification of pathogen was done on the comparative molecular analysis of CaM andβ-tubulin gene sequences.BLAST analysis of both sequenced genes showed 99%similarity with A.tubingensis.Koch’s postulates were followed to confirm the pathogenicity of the isolated fungus.Healthy plants were inoculated with fungus and similar disease symptoms were observed.Fungus was re-isolated and identified to be identical to the inoculated fungus.To our knowledge,this is the first report describing the involvement of A.tubingensis in causing leaf spot disease of cotton in Pakistan and around the world.展开更多
【目的】明确中国陕南地区核桃树溃疡病成因。【方法】对陕西南部主要核桃产区的病害流行情况进行跟踪调查,从典型的枝干病灶组织中分离到了该病的致病菌,应用柯赫氏法则验证了该致病菌的致病性,同时根据形态学特征和ITS序列分析对病原...【目的】明确中国陕南地区核桃树溃疡病成因。【方法】对陕西南部主要核桃产区的病害流行情况进行跟踪调查,从典型的枝干病灶组织中分离到了该病的致病菌,应用柯赫氏法则验证了该致病菌的致病性,同时根据形态学特征和ITS序列分析对病原菌进行鉴定,并利用BLAST软件将测序所得真菌ITS序列与NCBI(National Center for Biotechnology Information)数据库中已登录的序列进行同源序列比对,获得其分类地位,利用MEGA 5.0软件构建系统发育树。【结果】陕西南部核桃溃疡病的病原菌形态特征与葡萄座腔菌相符合,其ITS序列与已公布的葡萄座腔菌的ITS序列相似度为99.8%,系统发育树分析结果与之一致。【结论】陕西南部核桃溃疡病的病原菌为葡萄座腔菌(Botryosphaeria dothidea)。展开更多
基金supported by the program for tacking key problem of Shaanxi agricultural scientific and technological extent(2015NY124)Project NSFC(31270690)+1 种基金Project PCSIRT(NO.IRT1035)special funding for basic S&T work of Ministry of Science and Technology(2009FY210100)of China
文摘Cankered, dying seedlings of Juglans regia were observed in Shaanxi province in the northwest region of China. Neofusicoccum parvum was isolated from these cankered tissues, with the identification based on mor- phology and an ITS-nrDNA sequence. In order to demonstrate how cultures of N. parvum could cause the expected symptoms, artificial infection, using these isolates and re-isolation of the pathogen, was used. This is the first report on this taxon as a walnut canker pathogen in China.
文摘A novel geometric approach is proposed for the development of the wave-particle notions. This approach is based on a comparison of the two geometries with different sizes of an infinitesimal point. It is assumed that the smaller is object mass, the larger is the size of the infinitesimal point in comparison with the point of the geometry of macro world. Within this approach, the smaller is object mass, the larger is the uncertainty of its position from the viewpoint of macro objects (macro geometry). This approach provides a natural ex-planation of Heisenberg’s indeterminancy principle. Formally, this approach appears as an unusual operation with an infinitesimal value (point). However, it should be noted that unusual operations (though with infinitely large values) are already known in physics. These are unattainability of the absolute zero of temperature and unattainability of the maximal velocity of movement. Interconnection of the two geometries with different sizes of infinitesimal values is possible with the help of the direct and inverse Weierstrass transformation. At present, diffraction effects are described using the wave notions about the light and Fourier transform. The diffraction of light is usually registered at a distance not less than 1 - 3 metres between the screens in one of which there is a slit or several slits. This distance is about 106 times longer than the wavelength of the radiation. In the present work, an approach is proposed that allows one to describe the light fluxes at short distances between the screens with the help of Fourier and Weierstrass transforms.
文摘The manuscript titled "Vacuoles of Candida yeast behave as a specialized niche for Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)" not only has not been prepared in a scientific manner but the methodology used was not adequate, and therefore the conclusion reached was not correct. First of all, "yeast" is a broad terminology covering a great number of genera and species of unicellular micro-organisms. The authors should have defined the organism with its binary scientific name. This measure would allow experiment reproduction by the scientific community. Moreover, the criteria established by Robert Koch to identify a specific microorganism or pathogen was not adopted in the methodology used. Regarding the methodology applied, use of the chicken eggyolk(Ig Y) antibody and PCR of the apparently tainted yeast population to prove H. pylori existence in the yeast vacuoles might be main factors for their wrong conclusions. Bacterial tropism toward yeast extract is a known phenomenon, and yeast extract is one of the main ingredients in culture media. Their internalization through phagocytosis or similar pathways does not seem possible or practical because of the thick and cellulosic yeast wall. While the small size of yeast cells does not support their ability in harboring several H. pylori, other observations such as inefficiency of antifungal therapy as anti-Helicobacter therapy strongly reject the conclusion reached by the above-mentioned article.
文摘In this article we show that quantum physics is a straightforward and comprehensive consequence of the model of discrete space-time that we have put forward in [1] 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003300390036003800390032003800330035000000 . We first introduce the concept of coherent domains and give a proof of the various postulates and principles that form the basis of one-particle quantum systems. Then we consider how spin-statistic theorem and the formalism of second quantization, that are prerequisites for a description of many-particles systems, emerge from the model. Finally the same framework suggests the idea of rigid histories which allows an interpretation of quantum entanglement to be proposed.
文摘The proportion of the reported cases of Zika virus(ZIKV) infection reached the status of a pandemic. Numerous studies are being conducted on the isolation of ZIKV strains from various epidemics, diagnosis of the infections, various animal models and cell culture designs to study the pathogenesis of ZIKV in the attempts to find an effective ZIKV vaccine. This review focuses upon the 'Off-Spectrum' body of studies which analyses the epidemiology, pathogenesis and other attributes of ZIKV in the light of various dissident hypotheses.
文摘Emerging and re-emerging viruses continue to surface all over the world.Some of these viruses have the potential for rapid and global spread with high morbidity and mortality,such as the SARS coronavirus outbreak.It is extremely urgent and important to identify a novel virus near-instantaneously to develop an active preventive and/or control strategy.As a cultureindependent approach,viral metagenomics has been widely used to investigate highly divergent and completely new viruses in humans,animals,and even environmental samples in the past decade.A new model of Koch's postulates,named the metagenomic Koch's postulates,has provided guidance for the study of the pathogenicity of novel viruses.This review explains the viral metagenomics strategy for virus discovery and describes viruses discovered in human feces in the past 10 years using this approach.This review also addresses issues related to the metagenomic Koch's postulates and the challenges for virus discovery in the future.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China 31800543(X.D).
文摘In Bazhong City,Sichuan Province,China,top dieback symptoms were found on many pine trees(Pinus thunbergii Parl).The tips of old needles first turned grayish-green and then developed into brown bands in the field.Phylogenetic analysis of concatenated ITS and EF1-αindicated the pathogen of this dieback disease as Diplodia neojuniperi.Additionally,effects of temperature,pH and medium on the mycelial growth were also characterized.The most favorable temperature and pH level for mycelial growth are 25°C and 8,respectively.The optimal medium for mycelial growth is PDA medium.To our knowledge,this is the first report of D.neojuniperi causes Diplodia top dieback on Pinus thunbergii.Our results provide fundamental information for monitoring and preventing such disease in the future.
基金This work was financially supported by university research fund(URF)for year 2017-18,Quaid-i-Azam University,Islamabad,Pakistan.
文摘Cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)is a key fiber crop of great commercial importance.Numerous phytopathogens decimate crop production by causing various diseases.During July-August 2018,leaf spot symptoms were recurrently observed on cotton leaves in Rahim Yar Khan,Pakistan and adjacent areas.Infected leaf samples were collected and plated on potato dextrose agar(PDA)media.Causal agent of cotton leaf spot was isolated,characterized and identified as Aspergillus tubingensis based on morphological and microscopic observations.Conclusive identification of pathogen was done on the comparative molecular analysis of CaM andβ-tubulin gene sequences.BLAST analysis of both sequenced genes showed 99%similarity with A.tubingensis.Koch’s postulates were followed to confirm the pathogenicity of the isolated fungus.Healthy plants were inoculated with fungus and similar disease symptoms were observed.Fungus was re-isolated and identified to be identical to the inoculated fungus.To our knowledge,this is the first report describing the involvement of A.tubingensis in causing leaf spot disease of cotton in Pakistan and around the world.
文摘【目的】明确中国陕南地区核桃树溃疡病成因。【方法】对陕西南部主要核桃产区的病害流行情况进行跟踪调查,从典型的枝干病灶组织中分离到了该病的致病菌,应用柯赫氏法则验证了该致病菌的致病性,同时根据形态学特征和ITS序列分析对病原菌进行鉴定,并利用BLAST软件将测序所得真菌ITS序列与NCBI(National Center for Biotechnology Information)数据库中已登录的序列进行同源序列比对,获得其分类地位,利用MEGA 5.0软件构建系统发育树。【结果】陕西南部核桃溃疡病的病原菌形态特征与葡萄座腔菌相符合,其ITS序列与已公布的葡萄座腔菌的ITS序列相似度为99.8%,系统发育树分析结果与之一致。【结论】陕西南部核桃溃疡病的病原菌为葡萄座腔菌(Botryosphaeria dothidea)。
