Phytochrome has fascinated plant scientists since its discovery in 1959-1960 by the Beltsville research group of the United States Department of Agriculture. Studies in the first 20 years had evidenced that phytochrom...Phytochrome has fascinated plant scientists since its discovery in 1959-1960 by the Beltsville research group of the United States Department of Agriculture. Studies in the first 20 years had evidenced that phytochrome acts as an universal regulator in plant life adapting its behavior to the environmental light, and developed widely the physiological understanding of phytochrome action. In the following 20 years, some thirty world_wide major laboratories have published over two hundred papers a year on various aspects of the subject, and they are making steady progress. The authors’ work has also contributed to the following aspects: coaction of phytochrome and phytohormone in photomorphogenesis, phytochrome purification, phytochrome regulation of male fertility, as well as phytochrome A gene analysis and expression in photoperiod sensitive genic male sterile rice. In the recent decade significant advances have been made in studies on phytochrome molecules, genes and signal transduction in phytochrome response. This is largely due to the advances in molecular genetics, where experiments using mutants and transgenic plants, particularly in Arabidopsis, that have led to the significant insights at the molecular level. The topics in this review include:(1) Discovery of phytochrome; (2) Functions of phytochrome; (3) Phytochrome molecules; (4) Phytochrome regulation in gene expression.展开更多
Soybean(Glycine max) is a facultative short-day plant with a sensitive photoperiod perception and reaction system, which allows it to adjust its physiological state and gene regulatory networks to seasonal and diurnal...Soybean(Glycine max) is a facultative short-day plant with a sensitive photoperiod perception and reaction system, which allows it to adjust its physiological state and gene regulatory networks to seasonal and diurnal changes in environmental conditions. In the past few decades, soybean cultivation has spread from East Asia to areas throughout the world. Biologists and breeders must now confront the challenge of understanding the molecular mechanism of soybean photoperiodism and improving agronomic traits to enable this important crop to adapt to geographical and environmental changes. In this review, we summarize the genetic regulatory network underlying photoperiodic responses in soybean. Genomic and genetic studies have revealed that the circadian clock, in conjunction with the light perception pathways, regulates photoperiodic flowering. Here, we provide an annotated list of 844 candidate flowering genes in soybean, with their putative biological functions. Many photoperiod-related genes have been intensively selected during domestication and crop improvement. Finally, we describe recent progress in engineering photoperiod-responsive genes for improving agronomic traits to enhance geographic adaptation in soybean, as well as future prospects for research on soybean photoperiodic responses.展开更多
为了研究大豆光周期反应是否受开花基因CO(CONSTANS)和FT(FLOWERING LOCUS T)调控,采用同源序列法从大豆中分离了CO和FT的同源物GmCO和GmFT.GmCO和GmFT分别编码151和109个氨基酸,与水稻和拟南芥中相关蛋白的氨基酸序列同源性达到70%以上...为了研究大豆光周期反应是否受开花基因CO(CONSTANS)和FT(FLOWERING LOCUS T)调控,采用同源序列法从大豆中分离了CO和FT的同源物GmCO和GmFT.GmCO和GmFT分别编码151和109个氨基酸,与水稻和拟南芥中相关蛋白的氨基酸序列同源性达到70%以上.通过RT-PCR分析GmCO和GmFT在短日照(short daylength,SD)、自然光照(natural light,NL)和长日照(long daylength,LD)处理大豆不同发育阶段叶片中的表达发现,GmCO在LD处理大豆早期发育的叶片中高丰度表达,GmFT在SD和NL处理大豆开花时期的叶片中高丰度表达.上述结果表明,GmCO和GmFT的表达与大豆开花时间及光照长度密切相关,且GmCO抑制GmFT的表达.展开更多
An interplay of genetic divergence and phenotypic plasticity in shaping geographic variation is increasingly receiving attention in the entomological literature. Two major environmental variables that govern life hist...An interplay of genetic divergence and phenotypic plasticity in shaping geographic variation is increasingly receiving attention in the entomological literature. Two major environmental variables that govern life histories are temperature and photoperiod. Studies of thermal and photoperiodic reaction norms help us understand how insect diversity evolved and how insects respond to environmental change. We studied survival, development, and body mass in three geographic populations of the beetle Cassida vibex reared in the laboratory under several combinations of constant temperature (16, 19, 22, 25, and 28 °C) and photoperiod (short-day and long-day). The three collection sites are situated along a climatic gradient and separated by hundreds of kilometers. Each population subtly but significantly differs in the absolute values of survival rate, developmental rate, and body mass as well as in the thermal and photoperiodic plasticity of these traits, but the geographic differences do not form a latitudinal cline. The southernmost population from a relatively warm climate survives worse at low temperatures than the other two, but the overall survival is lowest in the latitudinally intermediate population. Short-day conditions tend to accelerate postembryonic development and increase the slope of the developmental rate–temperature relationship, especially so in the intermediate population, followed by the southernmost population and then by the northernmost population. The latter, which inhabits a harsh climate, has the fastest and most temperature-sensitive development, regardless of photoperiod, and attains the largest body mass among the three populations. The intermediately located and photoperiodically plastic population, which lives in a cool but mild climate, in contrast, has the smallest body size. Hence, although the importance of short-day conditions as a seasonal cue increases poleward, the photoperiodic responses do not always become more pronounced in colder, high-latitude environments. Our results emp展开更多
The developmental transition to flowering in many plants is timed by changing seasons,which enables plants to flower at a season that is favorable for seed production.Many plants grown at high latitudes perceive the s...The developmental transition to flowering in many plants is timed by changing seasons,which enables plants to flower at a season that is favorable for seed production.Many plants grown at high latitudes perceive the seasonal cues of changing day length and/or winter cold(prolonged cold exposure),to regulate the expression of flowering-regulatory genes through the photoperiod pathway and/or vernalization pathway,and thus align flowering with a particular season.Recent studies in the model flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana have revealed that diverse transcription factors engage various chromatin modifiers to regulate several key flowering-regulatory genes including FLOWERING LOCUS C(FLC)and FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)in response to seasonal signals.Here,we summarize the current understanding of molecular and chromatin-regulatory or epigenetic mechanisms underlying the vernalization response and photoperiodic control of flowering in Arabidopsis.Moreover,the conservation and divergence of regulatory mechanisms for seasonal flowering in crops and other plants are briefly discussed.展开更多
Reproductive polyphenism,which allows one genotype to produce sexual and asexual morphs,is an extreme case of phenotypic plasticity and is commonly observed in aphids.Aphids are typical species that switch these repro...Reproductive polyphenism,which allows one genotype to produce sexual and asexual morphs,is an extreme case of phenotypic plasticity and is commonly observed in aphids.Aphids are typical species that switch these reproductive modes,and the pathway orientation is triggered by the environmental conditions(mainly photoperiod and temperature).The typical arm ual life of aphids in eludes a successi on of parthenogenetic gen erations duri ng the spri ng and summer and a single sexual generation in autumn.In this review,we describe how the environmental cues orientate the reproductive mode of aphids from photoperiodic perception to endocrine regulation,and how juvenile hormones may act on the target cells(oocytes)to initiate the gametogenesis and embryogenesis in sexual and asexual reproduction.We also discuss the paradox of sex,especially the advantages of sexual reproduction in aphids.With the recent development of genomic resources in aphids,many potential genes involved in the reproductive polyphenism will enter the public's awareness.In particular,we describe a novel RNAi method in aphids,which may provide a molecular technique for determining the developmental fate and multiple reproductive strategies.展开更多
On a population level,individual plasticity in reproductive phenology can provoke either anticipations or delays in the average reproductive timing in response to environmental changes.However,a rigid reliance on phot...On a population level,individual plasticity in reproductive phenology can provoke either anticipations or delays in the average reproductive timing in response to environmental changes.However,a rigid reliance on photoperiodism can constraint such plastic responses in populations inhabiting temperate latitudes.The regulation of breeding season length may represent a further tool for populations facing changing environments.Nonetheless,this skill was reported only for equatorial,nonphotoperiodic populations.Our goal was to evaluate whether species living in temperate regions and relying on photoperiodism to trigger their reproduction may also be able to regulate breeding season length.During 10 years,we collected 2,500 female reproductive traits of a mammal model species(wild boar Sus scrofa)and applied a novel analytical approach to reproductive patterns in order to observe population-level variations of reproductive timing and synchrony under different weather and resources availability conditions.Under favorable conditions,breeding seasons were anticipated and population synchrony increased(i.e.,shorter breeding seasons).Conversely,poor conditions induced delayed and less synchronous(i.e.,longer)breeding seasons.The potential to regulate breeding season length depending on environmental conditions may entail a high resilience of the population reproductive patterns against environmental changes,as highlighted by the fact that almost all mature females were reproductive every year.展开更多
Many birds species breed in colonies.One of the species in the Corvidae family nesting in groups is the Rook(Corvus frugilegus).The construction of the nest is costly for birds and needs high energy expenditure.Theref...Many birds species breed in colonies.One of the species in the Corvidae family nesting in groups is the Rook(Corvus frugilegus).The construction of the nest is costly for birds and needs high energy expenditure.Therefore,birds should optimize the time of nest building in relation to environmental,especially weather,conditions.Furthermore,birds should adapt their breeding phenology,including the date of starting the construction of nests for climate change.We observed the dynamics of increasing numbers of nests in a colony of Rooks in relation to air temperature,wind,rainfall,snowfall and day-length(indirect indicator of photoperiodism).Observations were carried out during three breeding seasons(2015-2017)in a large rookery in a big city in north-eastern Poland.The increase in the number of nests was correlated only with day length and no effect of climatic factors on the number of nests in the colony was observed.Number of nests varied significantly between successive years of research.In the case of the Rook(predictable breeders),the photoperiod seems to be the most important factor influencing breeding behavior,especially nest construction.In the last three decades,increasing temperature and time of spring phases have advanced and have influenced changes in the phenology of the availability of food resources.Simultaneously,a rapid decline in the numbers of breeding pairs of the Rook in Poland has been observed,especially in the last three decades.Conservative attachment to the length of the day,which is the main factor responsible for the development of the breeding colony,makes the Rook appear to be a species with low plasticity in the face of rapid climate changes.Thus,we suggest that may indirectly influence the decrease in the breeding population of the Rook.展开更多
文摘Phytochrome has fascinated plant scientists since its discovery in 1959-1960 by the Beltsville research group of the United States Department of Agriculture. Studies in the first 20 years had evidenced that phytochrome acts as an universal regulator in plant life adapting its behavior to the environmental light, and developed widely the physiological understanding of phytochrome action. In the following 20 years, some thirty world_wide major laboratories have published over two hundred papers a year on various aspects of the subject, and they are making steady progress. The authors’ work has also contributed to the following aspects: coaction of phytochrome and phytohormone in photomorphogenesis, phytochrome purification, phytochrome regulation of male fertility, as well as phytochrome A gene analysis and expression in photoperiod sensitive genic male sterile rice. In the recent decade significant advances have been made in studies on phytochrome molecules, genes and signal transduction in phytochrome response. This is largely due to the advances in molecular genetics, where experiments using mutants and transgenic plants, particularly in Arabidopsis, that have led to the significant insights at the molecular level. The topics in this review include:(1) Discovery of phytochrome; (2) Functions of phytochrome; (3) Phytochrome molecules; (4) Phytochrome regulation in gene expression.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan(2016YFD0101005)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31422041)+1 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Grant(2014M56013)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
文摘Soybean(Glycine max) is a facultative short-day plant with a sensitive photoperiod perception and reaction system, which allows it to adjust its physiological state and gene regulatory networks to seasonal and diurnal changes in environmental conditions. In the past few decades, soybean cultivation has spread from East Asia to areas throughout the world. Biologists and breeders must now confront the challenge of understanding the molecular mechanism of soybean photoperiodism and improving agronomic traits to enable this important crop to adapt to geographical and environmental changes. In this review, we summarize the genetic regulatory network underlying photoperiodic responses in soybean. Genomic and genetic studies have revealed that the circadian clock, in conjunction with the light perception pathways, regulates photoperiodic flowering. Here, we provide an annotated list of 844 candidate flowering genes in soybean, with their putative biological functions. Many photoperiod-related genes have been intensively selected during domestication and crop improvement. Finally, we describe recent progress in engineering photoperiod-responsive genes for improving agronomic traits to enhance geographic adaptation in soybean, as well as future prospects for research on soybean photoperiodic responses.
基金The study was carried out with financial support from St.Petersburg State University(project no.1.40.503.2017)the Rus-sian Foundation for Basic Research(project no.20-04-00185 A).
文摘An interplay of genetic divergence and phenotypic plasticity in shaping geographic variation is increasingly receiving attention in the entomological literature. Two major environmental variables that govern life histories are temperature and photoperiod. Studies of thermal and photoperiodic reaction norms help us understand how insect diversity evolved and how insects respond to environmental change. We studied survival, development, and body mass in three geographic populations of the beetle Cassida vibex reared in the laboratory under several combinations of constant temperature (16, 19, 22, 25, and 28 °C) and photoperiod (short-day and long-day). The three collection sites are situated along a climatic gradient and separated by hundreds of kilometers. Each population subtly but significantly differs in the absolute values of survival rate, developmental rate, and body mass as well as in the thermal and photoperiodic plasticity of these traits, but the geographic differences do not form a latitudinal cline. The southernmost population from a relatively warm climate survives worse at low temperatures than the other two, but the overall survival is lowest in the latitudinally intermediate population. Short-day conditions tend to accelerate postembryonic development and increase the slope of the developmental rate–temperature relationship, especially so in the intermediate population, followed by the southernmost population and then by the northernmost population. The latter, which inhabits a harsh climate, has the fastest and most temperature-sensitive development, regardless of photoperiod, and attains the largest body mass among the three populations. The intermediately located and photoperiodically plastic population, which lives in a cool but mild climate, in contrast, has the smallest body size. Hence, although the importance of short-day conditions as a seasonal cue increases poleward, the photoperiodic responses do not always become more pronounced in colder, high-latitude environments. Our results emp
基金Research in the Plant Environmental Epigenetics laboratory is supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31830049)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFA0503803)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB27030202)。
文摘The developmental transition to flowering in many plants is timed by changing seasons,which enables plants to flower at a season that is favorable for seed production.Many plants grown at high latitudes perceive the seasonal cues of changing day length and/or winter cold(prolonged cold exposure),to regulate the expression of flowering-regulatory genes through the photoperiod pathway and/or vernalization pathway,and thus align flowering with a particular season.Recent studies in the model flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana have revealed that diverse transcription factors engage various chromatin modifiers to regulate several key flowering-regulatory genes including FLOWERING LOCUS C(FLC)and FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)in response to seasonal signals.Here,we summarize the current understanding of molecular and chromatin-regulatory or epigenetic mechanisms underlying the vernalization response and photoperiodic control of flowering in Arabidopsis.Moreover,the conservation and divergence of regulatory mechanisms for seasonal flowering in crops and other plants are briefly discussed.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD0200804 and 2017YFD0201200).
文摘Reproductive polyphenism,which allows one genotype to produce sexual and asexual morphs,is an extreme case of phenotypic plasticity and is commonly observed in aphids.Aphids are typical species that switch these reproductive modes,and the pathway orientation is triggered by the environmental conditions(mainly photoperiod and temperature).The typical arm ual life of aphids in eludes a successi on of parthenogenetic gen erations duri ng the spri ng and summer and a single sexual generation in autumn.In this review,we describe how the environmental cues orientate the reproductive mode of aphids from photoperiodic perception to endocrine regulation,and how juvenile hormones may act on the target cells(oocytes)to initiate the gametogenesis and embryogenesis in sexual and asexual reproduction.We also discuss the paradox of sex,especially the advantages of sexual reproduction in aphids.With the recent development of genomic resources in aphids,many potential genes involved in the reproductive polyphenism will enter the public's awareness.In particular,we describe a novel RNAi method in aphids,which may provide a molecular technique for determining the developmental fate and multiple reproductive strategies.
基金The Provincial Administration of Arezzo and the Italian Ministry of Education,University and Research(PRIN 2010-2011,20108 TZKHC)financially and logistically supported the research.S.G.was supported by the FAR 2020 of the University of Sassari.
文摘On a population level,individual plasticity in reproductive phenology can provoke either anticipations or delays in the average reproductive timing in response to environmental changes.However,a rigid reliance on photoperiodism can constraint such plastic responses in populations inhabiting temperate latitudes.The regulation of breeding season length may represent a further tool for populations facing changing environments.Nonetheless,this skill was reported only for equatorial,nonphotoperiodic populations.Our goal was to evaluate whether species living in temperate regions and relying on photoperiodism to trigger their reproduction may also be able to regulate breeding season length.During 10 years,we collected 2,500 female reproductive traits of a mammal model species(wild boar Sus scrofa)and applied a novel analytical approach to reproductive patterns in order to observe population-level variations of reproductive timing and synchrony under different weather and resources availability conditions.Under favorable conditions,breeding seasons were anticipated and population synchrony increased(i.e.,shorter breeding seasons).Conversely,poor conditions induced delayed and less synchronous(i.e.,longer)breeding seasons.The potential to regulate breeding season length depending on environmental conditions may entail a high resilience of the population reproductive patterns against environmental changes,as highlighted by the fact that almost all mature females were reproductive every year.
文摘Many birds species breed in colonies.One of the species in the Corvidae family nesting in groups is the Rook(Corvus frugilegus).The construction of the nest is costly for birds and needs high energy expenditure.Therefore,birds should optimize the time of nest building in relation to environmental,especially weather,conditions.Furthermore,birds should adapt their breeding phenology,including the date of starting the construction of nests for climate change.We observed the dynamics of increasing numbers of nests in a colony of Rooks in relation to air temperature,wind,rainfall,snowfall and day-length(indirect indicator of photoperiodism).Observations were carried out during three breeding seasons(2015-2017)in a large rookery in a big city in north-eastern Poland.The increase in the number of nests was correlated only with day length and no effect of climatic factors on the number of nests in the colony was observed.Number of nests varied significantly between successive years of research.In the case of the Rook(predictable breeders),the photoperiod seems to be the most important factor influencing breeding behavior,especially nest construction.In the last three decades,increasing temperature and time of spring phases have advanced and have influenced changes in the phenology of the availability of food resources.Simultaneously,a rapid decline in the numbers of breeding pairs of the Rook in Poland has been observed,especially in the last three decades.Conservative attachment to the length of the day,which is the main factor responsible for the development of the breeding colony,makes the Rook appear to be a species with low plasticity in the face of rapid climate changes.Thus,we suggest that may indirectly influence the decrease in the breeding population of the Rook.
