Pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)are a unique group of emerging environmental contaminants,due to their inherent ability to induce physiological effects in human at low doses.An increasing number of st...Pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)are a unique group of emerging environmental contaminants,due to their inherent ability to induce physiological effects in human at low doses.An increasing number of studies has confirmed the presence of various PPCPs in different environmental compartments,which raises concerns about the potential adverse effects to humans and wildlife.Therefore,this article reviews the current state-of-knowledge on PPCPs in the freshwater aquatic environment.The environmental risk posed by these contaminants is evaluated in light of the persistence,bioaccumulation and toxicity criteria.Available literature on the sources,transport and degradation of PPCPs in the aquatic environment are evaluated,followed by a comprehensive review of the reported concentrations of different PPCP groups in the freshwater aquatic environment(water,sediment and biota)of the five continents.Finally,future perspectives for research on PPCPs in the freshwater aquatic environment are discussed in light of the identified research gaps in current knowledge.展开更多
Big Personal Data is growing explosively. Consequently, an increasing number of internet users are drowning in a sea of data. Big Personal Data has enormous commercial value; it is a new kind of data asset. An urgent ...Big Personal Data is growing explosively. Consequently, an increasing number of internet users are drowning in a sea of data. Big Personal Data has enormous commercial value; it is a new kind of data asset. An urgent problem has thus arisen in the data market： How to price Big Personal Data fairly and reasonably. This paper proposes a pricing model for Big Personal Data based on tuple granularity, with the help of comparative analysis of existing data pricing models and strategies. This model is put forward to implement positive rating and reverse pricing for Big Personal Data by investigating data attributes that affect data value, and analyzing how the value of data tuples varies with information entropy, weight value, data reference index, cost, and other factors. The model can be adjusted dynamically according to these parameters. With increases in data scale, reductions in its cost,and improvements in its quality, Big Personal Data users can thereby obtain greater benefits.展开更多
In China, the health risk from overexposure to particles is becoming an important public health concern. To investigate daily exposure characteristics to PM 2.5 with high ambient concentration in urban area, a persona...In China, the health risk from overexposure to particles is becoming an important public health concern. To investigate daily exposure characteristics to PM 2.5 with high ambient concentration in urban area, a personal exposure study was conducted for school children, and office workers in Beijing, China. For all participants （N = 114）, the mean personal 24-hr exposure concentration was 102.5, 14.7, 0.093, 0.528, 0.934, 0.174 and 0.703 μg/m 3 for PM 2.5 , black carbon, Mn, Al, Ca, Pb, and Fe. Children’s exposure concentrations of PM 2.5 were 4–5 times higher than those in related studies. The ambient concentration of PM 2.5 （128.5 μg/m 3 ） was significantly higher than the personal exposure concentration （P 0.05）, and exceed the reference concentration （25 μg/m 3 ） of WHO air quality guideline. Good correlation relationships and significant differences were identified between ambient concentration and personal exposure concentration. The relationships indicate that the ambient concentration is the main factor influencing personal exposure concentration, but is not a good indicator of personal exposure concentration. Outdoor activities （commute mode, exposure to heating, workday or weekend travel） influenced personal exposure concentrations significantly, but the magnitude of the influence from indoor activities （exposure to cooking） was masked by the high ambient concentrations.展开更多
The presence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)in the aquatic environment may pose potential threat to the ecosystem and human health,hence PPCPs have aroused much concern over the world.The contamin...The presence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)in the aquatic environment may pose potential threat to the ecosystem and human health,hence PPCPs have aroused much concern over the world.The contamination of PPCPs in the groundwater,the main source of drinking water supply in many countries and regions,has been extensively studied in the last decade.This paper reviews the occurrence of frequently detected PPCPs,including antibiotics,anti-inflammatories,lipid-regulators,carbamazepine,caffeine,and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide in groundwater,with special concern to the progress made over the past three years.Possible emission sources for PPCPs in groundwater,such as wastewater and contaminated surface water,landfills,septic systems,livestock breeding and sewer leakage,are summarized.Besides,adsorption,migration and degradation,the dominant mechanisms in the subsurface transport and fate of PPCPs,are discussed,and the insights into the future study of PPCPs in the groundwater are provided.展开更多
Reasonable income distribution and eradication of rural poverty are vital for building a moderately prosperous society in all respects in China.This paper primarily examines the income distribution and poverty reducti...Reasonable income distribution and eradication of rural poverty are vital for building a moderately prosperous society in all respects in China.This paper primarily examines the income distribution and poverty reduction effects of social security spending.Market income and redistribution policies are two determinants of income gaps.Based on CHIP2018 household survey data,we find that inadequate income redistribution policies have contributed to yawning income gaps,and that social security spending is more redistributive than personal income tax and social security contributions.After estimating the redistribution effects of social security spending and itemized incomes,we find that pension payments have contributed the most to household income gaps,and that subsistence protection and rural pension payments help improve income distribution.With respect to the poverty reduction effects of social security spending,we have estimated China’s current poverty incidence and the poverty reduction effects of pension payments,healthcare,and educational allowances with CHIP2018 data,and discover that an increase in social security spending may effectively reduce rural poverty.In building a moderately prosperous society in all respects,China should increase social security spending,focusing on specific target groups,and promote the role of social security spending in regulating income distribution and offering social protection to rural residents.展开更多
在6LoWPAN(IPv6 over Low-power Wireless Personal Area Network)的基础上,该文提出应用于物联网的寻址策略,实现基于IEEE 802.15.4协议的底层异构网络与互联网的实时通信。寻址策略包括IPv6地址自动配置和报头压缩。采用的分层地址自...在6LoWPAN(IPv6 over Low-power Wireless Personal Area Network)的基础上,该文提出应用于物联网的寻址策略,实现基于IEEE 802.15.4协议的底层异构网络与互联网的实时通信。寻址策略包括IPv6地址自动配置和报头压缩。采用的分层地址自动配置策略,首先在底层网络内部允许节点使用16位短地址导出的链路本地地址进行数据分组传输,该链路本地地址需通过执行基于分簇的重复地址检测机制保证唯一性;其次,每个底层网络中的Sink节点通过上层IP路由器获取全球路由前缀,并与接口标识符相结合,形成Sink节点的全球地址,实现底层网络与互联网的数据交换。同时,通过在报头压缩编码中植入链路本地地址和全球地址控制位,提出了一种适用于物联网应用的报头压缩方案IIPHC(IoTs IPv6 Header Compression)。如果地址类型为链路本地地址,则采用简单灵活的IIPHC1方案,如果地址类型为全球地址,则采用相对复杂但有效的IIPHC2方案。仿真及测试结果表明,基于6LoWPAN的物联网寻址策略在网络开销、时延、吞吐量、能耗等性能方面存在一定的优越性。展开更多
Flexible wearable sensors with excellent electric response and self-powered capability have become an appealing hotspot for personal healthcare and human-machine interfaces.Here,based on triboelectric nanogenerator(TE...Flexible wearable sensors with excellent electric response and self-powered capability have become an appealing hotspot for personal healthcare and human-machine interfaces.Here,based on triboelectric nanogenerator(TENG),a flexible self-powered tactile sensor composed of micro-frustum-arrays-structured polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)film/copper(Cu)electrodes,and poly(vinylidenefluoride-trifluoroethylene)(P(VDF-TrFE))nanofibers has been demonstrated.The TENG-based self-powered tactile sensor can generate electrical signals through the contact-separation process of two triboelectric layers under external mechanical stimuli.Due to the uniform and controllable micro-frustum-arrays structure fabricated by micro-electro-mechanical system(MEMS)process and the P(VDF-TrFE)nanofibers fabricated by electrostatic spinning,the flexible PDMS-based sensor presents high sensitivity of 2.97 V kPa^-1,stability of 40,000 cycles(no significant decay),response time of 60 ms at 1 Hz,low detection pressure of a water drop(~4 Pa,35 mg)and good linearity of 0.99231 in low pressure region.Since the PDMS film presents ultra-flexibility and excellent-biocompatibility,the sensor can be comfortably attached on human body.Furthermore,the tactile sensor can recognize various types of human body movements by the corresponding electrical signals.Therefore,the as-prepared TENGs are potential on the prospects of gesture detection,health assessment,human-machine interfaces and so on.展开更多
Conversational systems have come a long way since their inception in the 1960 s.After decades of research and development,we have seen progress from Eliza and Parry in the 1960 s and 1970 s,to task-completion systems ...Conversational systems have come a long way since their inception in the 1960 s.After decades of research and development,we have seen progress from Eliza and Parry in the 1960 s and 1970 s,to task-completion systems as in the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency(DARPA) communicator program in the 2000 s,to intelligent personal assistants such as Siri,in the 2010 s,to today's social chatbots like Xiao Ice.Social chatbots' appeal lies not only in their ability to respond to users' diverse requests,but also in being able to establish an emotional connection with users.The latter is done by satisfying users' need for communication,affection,as well as social belonging.To further the advancement and adoption of social chatbots,their design must focus on user engagement and take both intellectual quotient(IQ) and emotional quotient(EQ) into account.Users should want to engage with a social chatbot;as such,we define the success metric for social chatbots as conversation-turns per session(CPS).Using Xiao Ice as an illustrative example,we discuss key technologies in building social chatbots from core chat to visual awareness to skills.We also show how Xiao Ice can dynamically recognize emotion and engage the user throughout long conversations with appropriate interpersonal responses.As we become the first generation of humans ever living with artificial intelligenc(AI),we have a responsibility to design social chatbots to be both useful and empathetic,so they will become ubiquitous and help society as a whole.展开更多
With the rapid development of smart products,fexible and stretchable smart wearable electronic devices gradually play an important role,and they are considered as the pioneers of the new generation of fexible electron...With the rapid development of smart products,fexible and stretchable smart wearable electronic devices gradually play an important role,and they are considered as the pioneers of the new generation of fexible electronic devices.Among these intelligent devices,fexible and stretchable strain sensors have been widely studied for their good fexibility,high sensitivity,high repeatability and huge potential for application in personal healthcare and motion detection.Moreover,unlike traditional rigid bulky sensors,the high-performance fexible strain sensors are lightweight portable devices with excellent mechanical and electrical performance,which can meet personalized needs and become more popular.Herein,the research progress of fexible strain sensors in recent years are reviewed,which mainly introducing the sensing principles and key parameters of strain sensors,commonly used conductive materials and fexible substrates and common preparation methods,and fnally proposes the future application and prospects of strain sensors.展开更多
文摘Pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)are a unique group of emerging environmental contaminants,due to their inherent ability to induce physiological effects in human at low doses.An increasing number of studies has confirmed the presence of various PPCPs in different environmental compartments,which raises concerns about the potential adverse effects to humans and wildlife.Therefore,this article reviews the current state-of-knowledge on PPCPs in the freshwater aquatic environment.The environmental risk posed by these contaminants is evaluated in light of the persistence,bioaccumulation and toxicity criteria.Available literature on the sources,transport and degradation of PPCPs in the aquatic environment are evaluated,followed by a comprehensive review of the reported concentrations of different PPCP groups in the freshwater aquatic environment(water,sediment and biota)of the five continents.Finally,future perspectives for research on PPCPs in the freshwater aquatic environment are discussed in light of the identified research gaps in current knowledge.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61332001, 61272104, and 61472050)the Science and Technology Planning Project of Sichuan Province (Nos. 2014JY0257, 2015GZ0103, and 2014-HM01-00326SF)
文摘Big Personal Data is growing explosively. Consequently, an increasing number of internet users are drowning in a sea of data. Big Personal Data has enormous commercial value; it is a new kind of data asset. An urgent problem has thus arisen in the data market： How to price Big Personal Data fairly and reasonably. This paper proposes a pricing model for Big Personal Data based on tuple granularity, with the help of comparative analysis of existing data pricing models and strategies. This model is put forward to implement positive rating and reverse pricing for Big Personal Data by investigating data attributes that affect data value, and analyzing how the value of data tuples varies with information entropy, weight value, data reference index, cost, and other factors. The model can be adjusted dynamically according to these parameters. With increases in data scale, reductions in its cost,and improvements in its quality, Big Personal Data users can thereby obtain greater benefits.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.50778100) funded in part by Afton Chemical Corporation
文摘In China, the health risk from overexposure to particles is becoming an important public health concern. To investigate daily exposure characteristics to PM 2.5 with high ambient concentration in urban area, a personal exposure study was conducted for school children, and office workers in Beijing, China. For all participants （N = 114）, the mean personal 24-hr exposure concentration was 102.5, 14.7, 0.093, 0.528, 0.934, 0.174 and 0.703 μg/m 3 for PM 2.5 , black carbon, Mn, Al, Ca, Pb, and Fe. Children’s exposure concentrations of PM 2.5 were 4–5 times higher than those in related studies. The ambient concentration of PM 2.5 （128.5 μg/m 3 ） was significantly higher than the personal exposure concentration （P 0.05）, and exceed the reference concentration （25 μg/m 3 ） of WHO air quality guideline. Good correlation relationships and significant differences were identified between ambient concentration and personal exposure concentration. The relationships indicate that the ambient concentration is the main factor influencing personal exposure concentration, but is not a good indicator of personal exposure concentration. Outdoor activities （commute mode, exposure to heating, workday or weekend travel） influenced personal exposure concentrations significantly, but the magnitude of the influence from indoor activities （exposure to cooking） was masked by the high ambient concentrations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(51208199,51408425)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(22A201514057)+1 种基金Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control,the Foundation of The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse,China(PCRRG 11017)the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(20130072120033).
文摘The presence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)in the aquatic environment may pose potential threat to the ecosystem and human health,hence PPCPs have aroused much concern over the world.The contamination of PPCPs in the groundwater,the main source of drinking water supply in many countries and regions,has been extensively studied in the last decade.This paper reviews the occurrence of frequently detected PPCPs,including antibiotics,anti-inflammatories,lipid-regulators,carbamazepine,caffeine,and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide in groundwater,with special concern to the progress made over the past three years.Possible emission sources for PPCPs in groundwater,such as wastewater and contaminated surface water,landfills,septic systems,livestock breeding and sewer leakage,are summarized.Besides,adsorption,migration and degradation,the dominant mechanisms in the subsurface transport and fate of PPCPs,are discussed,and the insights into the future study of PPCPs in the groundwater are provided.
文摘Reasonable income distribution and eradication of rural poverty are vital for building a moderately prosperous society in all respects in China.This paper primarily examines the income distribution and poverty reduction effects of social security spending.Market income and redistribution policies are two determinants of income gaps.Based on CHIP2018 household survey data,we find that inadequate income redistribution policies have contributed to yawning income gaps,and that social security spending is more redistributive than personal income tax and social security contributions.After estimating the redistribution effects of social security spending and itemized incomes,we find that pension payments have contributed the most to household income gaps,and that subsistence protection and rural pension payments help improve income distribution.With respect to the poverty reduction effects of social security spending,we have estimated China’s current poverty incidence and the poverty reduction effects of pension payments,healthcare,and educational allowances with CHIP2018 data,and discover that an increase in social security spending may effectively reduce rural poverty.In building a moderately prosperous society in all respects,China should increase social security spending,focusing on specific target groups,and promote the role of social security spending in regulating income distribution and offering social protection to rural residents.
文摘在6LoWPAN(IPv6 over Low-power Wireless Personal Area Network)的基础上,该文提出应用于物联网的寻址策略,实现基于IEEE 802.15.4协议的底层异构网络与互联网的实时通信。寻址策略包括IPv6地址自动配置和报头压缩。采用的分层地址自动配置策略,首先在底层网络内部允许节点使用16位短地址导出的链路本地地址进行数据分组传输,该链路本地地址需通过执行基于分簇的重复地址检测机制保证唯一性;其次,每个底层网络中的Sink节点通过上层IP路由器获取全球路由前缀,并与接口标识符相结合,形成Sink节点的全球地址,实现底层网络与互联网的数据交换。同时,通过在报头压缩编码中植入链路本地地址和全球地址控制位,提出了一种适用于物联网应用的报头压缩方案IIPHC(IoTs IPv6 Header Compression)。如果地址类型为链路本地地址,则采用简单灵活的IIPHC1方案,如果地址类型为全球地址,则采用相对复杂但有效的IIPHC2方案。仿真及测试结果表明,基于6LoWPAN的物联网寻址策略在网络开销、时延、吞吐量、能耗等性能方面存在一定的优越性。
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51605449,51675493 and51705476)the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFF0300605)+2 种基金Shanxi “1331 Project” Key Subject Construction(1331KSC)the Applied Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province(201601D021070)Zhangjiakou Science and Technology Research and Development Plan of Zhangjiakou City(1811009B-10)
文摘Flexible wearable sensors with excellent electric response and self-powered capability have become an appealing hotspot for personal healthcare and human-machine interfaces.Here,based on triboelectric nanogenerator(TENG),a flexible self-powered tactile sensor composed of micro-frustum-arrays-structured polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)film/copper(Cu)electrodes,and poly(vinylidenefluoride-trifluoroethylene)(P(VDF-TrFE))nanofibers has been demonstrated.The TENG-based self-powered tactile sensor can generate electrical signals through the contact-separation process of two triboelectric layers under external mechanical stimuli.Due to the uniform and controllable micro-frustum-arrays structure fabricated by micro-electro-mechanical system(MEMS)process and the P(VDF-TrFE)nanofibers fabricated by electrostatic spinning,the flexible PDMS-based sensor presents high sensitivity of 2.97 V kPa^-1,stability of 40,000 cycles(no significant decay),response time of 60 ms at 1 Hz,low detection pressure of a water drop(~4 Pa,35 mg)and good linearity of 0.99231 in low pressure region.Since the PDMS film presents ultra-flexibility and excellent-biocompatibility,the sensor can be comfortably attached on human body.Furthermore,the tactile sensor can recognize various types of human body movements by the corresponding electrical signals.Therefore,the as-prepared TENGs are potential on the prospects of gesture detection,health assessment,human-machine interfaces and so on.
文摘Conversational systems have come a long way since their inception in the 1960 s.After decades of research and development,we have seen progress from Eliza and Parry in the 1960 s and 1970 s,to task-completion systems as in the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency(DARPA) communicator program in the 2000 s,to intelligent personal assistants such as Siri,in the 2010 s,to today's social chatbots like Xiao Ice.Social chatbots' appeal lies not only in their ability to respond to users' diverse requests,but also in being able to establish an emotional connection with users.The latter is done by satisfying users' need for communication,affection,as well as social belonging.To further the advancement and adoption of social chatbots,their design must focus on user engagement and take both intellectual quotient(IQ) and emotional quotient(EQ) into account.Users should want to engage with a social chatbot;as such,we define the success metric for social chatbots as conversation-turns per session(CPS).Using Xiao Ice as an illustrative example,we discuss key technologies in building social chatbots from core chat to visual awareness to skills.We also show how Xiao Ice can dynamically recognize emotion and engage the user throughout long conversations with appropriate interpersonal responses.As we become the first generation of humans ever living with artificial intelligenc(AI),we have a responsibility to design social chatbots to be both useful and empathetic,so they will become ubiquitous and help society as a whole.
基金Financial support of this work was provided by Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China(ZR2018QEM004,ZR2020QE081)Shandong Province Key Research and Development Plan(Major scientifc and technological innovation projects)(2019JZZY010340,2019JZZY010335,2019GGX102022)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation via grant No.2020M671994.
文摘With the rapid development of smart products,fexible and stretchable smart wearable electronic devices gradually play an important role,and they are considered as the pioneers of the new generation of fexible electronic devices.Among these intelligent devices,fexible and stretchable strain sensors have been widely studied for their good fexibility,high sensitivity,high repeatability and huge potential for application in personal healthcare and motion detection.Moreover,unlike traditional rigid bulky sensors,the high-performance fexible strain sensors are lightweight portable devices with excellent mechanical and electrical performance,which can meet personalized needs and become more popular.Herein,the research progress of fexible strain sensors in recent years are reviewed,which mainly introducing the sensing principles and key parameters of strain sensors,commonly used conductive materials and fexible substrates and common preparation methods,and fnally proposes the future application and prospects of strain sensors.
