Plant cells recognize microbial patterns with the plasma-membrane-localized pattern-recognition receptors consisting mainly of receptor kinases(RKs) and receptor-like proteins(RLPs). RKs, such as bacterial flagellin r...Plant cells recognize microbial patterns with the plasma-membrane-localized pattern-recognition receptors consisting mainly of receptor kinases(RKs) and receptor-like proteins(RLPs). RKs, such as bacterial flagellin receptor FLS2, and their downstream signaling components have been studied extensively. However, newly discovered regulatory components of RLP-mediated immune signaling, such as the nlp20 receptor RLP23, await identification. Unlike RKs, RLPs lack a cytoplasmic kinase domain, instead recruiting the receptor-like kinases(RLKs) BAK1 and SOBIR1. SOBIR1 specifically works as an adapter for RLP-mediated immunity. To identify new regulators of RLP-mediated signaling, we looked for SOBIR1-binding proteins(SBPs) in Arabidopsis thaliana using protein immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry,identifying two G-type lectin RLKs, SBP1 and SBP2, that physically interacted with SOBIR1.SBP1 and SBP2 showed high sequence similarity,were tandemly repeated on chromosome 4, and also interacted with both RLP23 and BAK1. sbp1 sbp2 double mutants obtained via CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing showed severely impaired nlp20-induced reactive oxygen species burst, mitogenactivated protein kinase(MAPK) activation, and defense gene expression, but normal flg22-induced immune responses. We showed that SBP1 regulated nlp20-induced immunity in a kinase activityindependent manner. Furthermore, the nlp20-induced the RLP23–BAK1 interaction, although not the flg22-induced FLS2–BAK1 interaction, was significantly reduced in sbp1 sbp2. This study identified SBPs as new regulatory components in RLP23 receptor complex that may specifically modulate RLP23-mediated immunity by positively regulating the interaction between the RLP23 receptor and the BAK1 co-receptor.展开更多
Plant plasma membrane-resident immune receptors regulate plant immunity by recognizing microbe-associated molecular patterns(MAMPs),damage-associated molecular patterns(DAMPs),and phytocytokines.Phytocytokines are pla...Plant plasma membrane-resident immune receptors regulate plant immunity by recognizing microbe-associated molecular patterns(MAMPs),damage-associated molecular patterns(DAMPs),and phytocytokines.Phytocytokines are plant endogenous peptides,which are usually produced in the cytosol and released into the apoplast when plant encounters pathogen infections.Phytocytokines regulate plant immunity through activating an overlapping signaling pathway with MAMPs/DAMPs with some unique features.Here,we highlight the current understanding of phytocytokine production,perception and functions in plant immunity,and discuss how plants and pathogens manipulate phytocytokine signaling for their own benefits during the plant-pathogen warfare.展开更多
转染小干扰RNA片段(small interfering RNA,siRNA)被广泛用于沉默基因表达.外源性核酸短链的进入能激活Toll样受体,触发免疫应答,促进机体炎症因子的表达与释放.siRNA还能活化双链RNA依赖性蛋白激酶(dsRNA-dependent protein kinase,PKR...转染小干扰RNA片段(small interfering RNA,siRNA)被广泛用于沉默基因表达.外源性核酸短链的进入能激活Toll样受体,触发免疫应答,促进机体炎症因子的表达与释放.siRNA还能活化双链RNA依赖性蛋白激酶(dsRNA-dependent protein kinase,PKR)等胞内模式识别受体,通过免疫反应引起机体功能障碍.siRNA的免疫效应与其核苷酸链的长短、碱基序列、核糖结构等密切相关,相应的化学修饰能阻断其激活模式识别受体,抑制固有免疫应答.本文综述了近年来siRNA对固有免疫应答的分子机制,为改善基因沉默效应和拓展该技术的临床应用提供有益帮助.展开更多
Dendritic cells （DCs） are known to be the most powerful professional antigen-presenting cells so far. It could activate primary immune response, and also downregulate immune response. DCs have a unique character of ...Dendritic cells （DCs） are known to be the most powerful professional antigen-presenting cells so far. It could activate primary immune response, and also downregulate immune response. DCs have a unique character of immunoregulation. DC-SIGN, a molecule designated as CD209, is one member of the C-type lectin superfamily. It is not only a pattern recognition receptor but implicated in immunoregulation of DCs. DC-SIGN has become hotspot of recent studies because of its important role in mediating DC adhesion, migration, inflammation, activating primary T cell, triggering immune response and participating in immune escape of pathogens and tumors. These studies on DC-SIGN involved in primary and secondary immune response and relevant mechanism will certainly provide us with a new method in treating and preventing certain diseases.展开更多
文摘天然免疫系统是动物抵御病原入侵的第一道防线,在机体抗病毒感染过程中发挥重要作用,模式识别受体(pattern-recognition receptors,PRRs)是天然免疫系统的重要成分,动物机体的抗病毒免疫机制是由一系列PRRs对病原体的识别所启动的。近年来识别和感受病原体的一系列动物PRRs受到广泛关注,成为动物医学领域的研究热点,为揭示动物复杂的抗病毒天然免疫反应提供了新思路。该文简要介绍动物Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors,TLRs)和维甲酸诱导基因Ⅰ样受体(RIG-I like receptors,RLRs)的分子特征及其介导的抗病毒天然免疫作用研究进展。
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32000202, 32270282, 32000200)the open competition program of the top 10 critical priorities of Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation for the 14th Five-Year Plan of Guangdong Province (2022SDZG07)Double First-class Discipline Promotion Project (2021B10564001)。
文摘Plant cells recognize microbial patterns with the plasma-membrane-localized pattern-recognition receptors consisting mainly of receptor kinases(RKs) and receptor-like proteins(RLPs). RKs, such as bacterial flagellin receptor FLS2, and their downstream signaling components have been studied extensively. However, newly discovered regulatory components of RLP-mediated immune signaling, such as the nlp20 receptor RLP23, await identification. Unlike RKs, RLPs lack a cytoplasmic kinase domain, instead recruiting the receptor-like kinases(RLKs) BAK1 and SOBIR1. SOBIR1 specifically works as an adapter for RLP-mediated immunity. To identify new regulators of RLP-mediated signaling, we looked for SOBIR1-binding proteins(SBPs) in Arabidopsis thaliana using protein immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry,identifying two G-type lectin RLKs, SBP1 and SBP2, that physically interacted with SOBIR1.SBP1 and SBP2 showed high sequence similarity,were tandemly repeated on chromosome 4, and also interacted with both RLP23 and BAK1. sbp1 sbp2 double mutants obtained via CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing showed severely impaired nlp20-induced reactive oxygen species burst, mitogenactivated protein kinase(MAPK) activation, and defense gene expression, but normal flg22-induced immune responses. We showed that SBP1 regulated nlp20-induced immunity in a kinase activityindependent manner. Furthermore, the nlp20-induced the RLP23–BAK1 interaction, although not the flg22-induced FLS2–BAK1 interaction, was significantly reduced in sbp1 sbp2. This study identified SBPs as new regulatory components in RLP23 receptor complex that may specifically modulate RLP23-mediated immunity by positively regulating the interaction between the RLP23 receptor and the BAK1 co-receptor.
基金supported by National Science Foundation(NSF)(IOS-1951094)and National Institutes of Health(NIH)(R01GM092893)to P.H.,the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2020MC022)and Youth Innovation Technology Project of Higher School in Shandong Province(2020KJF013)to S.H.The funding agencies have no roles in the design of the study and collection,analysis,and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.
文摘Plant plasma membrane-resident immune receptors regulate plant immunity by recognizing microbe-associated molecular patterns(MAMPs),damage-associated molecular patterns(DAMPs),and phytocytokines.Phytocytokines are plant endogenous peptides,which are usually produced in the cytosol and released into the apoplast when plant encounters pathogen infections.Phytocytokines regulate plant immunity through activating an overlapping signaling pathway with MAMPs/DAMPs with some unique features.Here,we highlight the current understanding of phytocytokine production,perception and functions in plant immunity,and discuss how plants and pathogens manipulate phytocytokine signaling for their own benefits during the plant-pathogen warfare.
文摘转染小干扰RNA片段(small interfering RNA,siRNA)被广泛用于沉默基因表达.外源性核酸短链的进入能激活Toll样受体,触发免疫应答,促进机体炎症因子的表达与释放.siRNA还能活化双链RNA依赖性蛋白激酶(dsRNA-dependent protein kinase,PKR)等胞内模式识别受体,通过免疫反应引起机体功能障碍.siRNA的免疫效应与其核苷酸链的长短、碱基序列、核糖结构等密切相关,相应的化学修饰能阻断其激活模式识别受体,抑制固有免疫应答.本文综述了近年来siRNA对固有免疫应答的分子机制,为改善基因沉默效应和拓展该技术的临床应用提供有益帮助.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.39970340,No.30570865)Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(No.02ZB14041,No.034119916).
文摘Dendritic cells （DCs） are known to be the most powerful professional antigen-presenting cells so far. It could activate primary immune response, and also downregulate immune response. DCs have a unique character of immunoregulation. DC-SIGN, a molecule designated as CD209, is one member of the C-type lectin superfamily. It is not only a pattern recognition receptor but implicated in immunoregulation of DCs. DC-SIGN has become hotspot of recent studies because of its important role in mediating DC adhesion, migration, inflammation, activating primary T cell, triggering immune response and participating in immune escape of pathogens and tumors. These studies on DC-SIGN involved in primary and secondary immune response and relevant mechanism will certainly provide us with a new method in treating and preventing certain diseases.
