城市化、工业化、机动化的高速推进以及大气活性物质的大量排放,使得长江三角洲地区在夏秋季节面临严峻的以高浓度O3为典型特征的光化学污染问题.然而,O3与其前体物之间的高度非线性反应过程使得其来源识别变得十分复杂,因此针对高浓度O...城市化、工业化、机动化的高速推进以及大气活性物质的大量排放,使得长江三角洲地区在夏秋季节面临严峻的以高浓度O3为典型特征的光化学污染问题.然而,O3与其前体物之间的高度非线性反应过程使得其来源识别变得十分复杂,因此针对高浓度O3的控制途径仍不清楚.本文以2013年7月长三角地区发生的一次持续时间长、波及范围广、强度高的高浓度O3污染过程为研究案例,基于CAMx空气质量数值模型中耦合的臭氧来源追踪方法(OSAT),采用物种示踪的方法对长三角3个代表性城市上海、苏州、杭州近地面O3的污染来源开展了模拟研究,探讨了4个源区(上海、浙北、苏南和长距离输送)、7类排放源(工业锅炉和窑炉、生产工艺过程、电厂、生活源、流动源、挥发源和天然源)对上海、苏州和杭州城区地面O3的浓度贡献.研究结果表明:长距离输送以及区域背景产生的O3约在20×10-9~40×10-9(体积分数)之间;加上上海及苏南、浙北地区排放的前体物在长三角城区地区二次生成O3,可使O3上升至40×10-9~100×10-9(体积分数)乃至更高.模拟时段内日间8 h O3浓度的地区贡献分析结果显示,长距离传输对于上海、苏州、杭州的浓度贡献分别为42.79%±10.17%、48.57%±9.97%和60.13%±7.11%;上海城区O3来源中,上海本地污染贡献平均为28.94%±8.49%,浙北地区贡献约19.83%±10.55%;苏州城区O3来源中,苏南地区贡献约26.41%±6.80%;杭州城区O3来源中,浙北地区贡献约29.56%±8.33%.从各受点日最大O3小时浓度贡献来看,长距离传输贡献比例显著下降(35.35%~58.04%),而本地污染贡献上升.区域各类污染源贡献分析结果表明,长三角地区对O3污染贡献最为突出的几类污染源分别是工业锅炉和窑炉(浓度贡献约18.4%~21.11%)、生产工艺过程(19.85%~28.46%)、流动源(21.30%~23.51%)、天然源(13.01%~17.07%)和电厂排放(7.08%~9.75%).研究结果表明,工业燃�展开更多
Beijing,the capital of China,frequently suffers from the high levels of ozone in summer.A 3-D regional chemical transport model,the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with extensions(CAMx),has been used to simulate a hea...Beijing,the capital of China,frequently suffers from the high levels of ozone in summer.A 3-D regional chemical transport model,the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with extensions(CAMx),has been used to simulate a heavy O3 pollution episode in Beijing during June 26―July 2,2000.Ozone Source Apportionment Technology(OSAT) and Geographic Ozone Assessment Technology(GOAT) were applied to quantify the contributions of the precursor emissions from different regions to O3 concentrations in Beijing,to identify the relative importance of different ways by which regional sources affected the O3 levels in Beijing urban areas,and to investigate the sensitivity of O3 formation to the precursors during the episode.The O3 pollution in Beijing showed a significant spatial distribution with strong regional contribution.The results suggested that the plume originating from Beijing urban areas greatly affected the O3 concentrations at the Dingling site,accounting for 55% of elevated O3 there,while O3 pollution in the Beijing urban areas resulted from both local emissions and those from Tianjin and the south of Hebei Province.Transport of O3 was responsible for about 70% of the regional O3 contribution to Beijing urban areas,while transport of O3 precursors accounted for the remainder.The formation of O3 was limited by volatile organic compounds(VOCs) in the urban areas of Beijing,while being more sensitive to NOx levels in the suburban and more remote areas.Therefore,it is necessary to consider a large number of factors,including impacts of emissions from different regions,the two modes of regional contribution as well as the sensitivity of O3 formation to precursors,in the design of emissions control strategies for O3 reduction in Beijing.展开更多
Tianjin is the third largest megacity and the fastest growth area in China,and consequently faces the problems of surface ozone and haze episodes.This study measures and characterizes volatile organic compounds （VOCs...Tianjin is the third largest megacity and the fastest growth area in China,and consequently faces the problems of surface ozone and haze episodes.This study measures and characterizes volatile organic compounds （VOCs）,which are ozone precursors,to identify their possible sources and evaluate their contribution to ozone formation in urban and suburban Tianjin,China during the HaChi （Haze in China） summer campaign in 2009.A total of 107 species of ambient VOCs were detected,and the average concentrations of VOCs at urban and suburban sites were 92 and 174 ppbv,respectively.Of those,51 species of VOCs were extracted to analyze the possible VOC sources using positive matrix factorization.The identified sources of VOCs were significantly related to vehicular activities,which specifically contributed 60％ to urban and 42％ to suburban VOCs loadings in Tianjin.Industrial emission was the second most prominent source of ambient VOCs in both urban and suburban areas,although the contribution of industry in the suburban area （36％） was much higher than that at the urban area （16％）.We conclude that controlling vehicle emissions should be a top priority for VOC reduction,and that fast industrialization and urbanization causes air pollution to be more complex due to the combined emission of VOCs from industry and daily life,especially in suburban areas.展开更多
文摘城市化、工业化、机动化的高速推进以及大气活性物质的大量排放,使得长江三角洲地区在夏秋季节面临严峻的以高浓度O3为典型特征的光化学污染问题.然而,O3与其前体物之间的高度非线性反应过程使得其来源识别变得十分复杂,因此针对高浓度O3的控制途径仍不清楚.本文以2013年7月长三角地区发生的一次持续时间长、波及范围广、强度高的高浓度O3污染过程为研究案例,基于CAMx空气质量数值模型中耦合的臭氧来源追踪方法(OSAT),采用物种示踪的方法对长三角3个代表性城市上海、苏州、杭州近地面O3的污染来源开展了模拟研究,探讨了4个源区(上海、浙北、苏南和长距离输送)、7类排放源(工业锅炉和窑炉、生产工艺过程、电厂、生活源、流动源、挥发源和天然源)对上海、苏州和杭州城区地面O3的浓度贡献.研究结果表明:长距离输送以及区域背景产生的O3约在20×10-9~40×10-9(体积分数)之间;加上上海及苏南、浙北地区排放的前体物在长三角城区地区二次生成O3,可使O3上升至40×10-9~100×10-9(体积分数)乃至更高.模拟时段内日间8 h O3浓度的地区贡献分析结果显示,长距离传输对于上海、苏州、杭州的浓度贡献分别为42.79%±10.17%、48.57%±9.97%和60.13%±7.11%;上海城区O3来源中,上海本地污染贡献平均为28.94%±8.49%,浙北地区贡献约19.83%±10.55%;苏州城区O3来源中,苏南地区贡献约26.41%±6.80%;杭州城区O3来源中,浙北地区贡献约29.56%±8.33%.从各受点日最大O3小时浓度贡献来看,长距离传输贡献比例显著下降(35.35%~58.04%),而本地污染贡献上升.区域各类污染源贡献分析结果表明,长三角地区对O3污染贡献最为突出的几类污染源分别是工业锅炉和窑炉(浓度贡献约18.4%~21.11%)、生产工艺过程(19.85%~28.46%)、流动源(21.30%~23.51%)、天然源(13.01%~17.07%)和电厂排放(7.08%~9.75%).研究结果表明,工业燃�
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2006AA06A306)the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2005CB422204)
文摘Beijing,the capital of China,frequently suffers from the high levels of ozone in summer.A 3-D regional chemical transport model,the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with extensions(CAMx),has been used to simulate a heavy O3 pollution episode in Beijing during June 26―July 2,2000.Ozone Source Apportionment Technology(OSAT) and Geographic Ozone Assessment Technology(GOAT) were applied to quantify the contributions of the precursor emissions from different regions to O3 concentrations in Beijing,to identify the relative importance of different ways by which regional sources affected the O3 levels in Beijing urban areas,and to investigate the sensitivity of O3 formation to the precursors during the episode.The O3 pollution in Beijing showed a significant spatial distribution with strong regional contribution.The results suggested that the plume originating from Beijing urban areas greatly affected the O3 concentrations at the Dingling site,accounting for 55% of elevated O3 there,while O3 pollution in the Beijing urban areas resulted from both local emissions and those from Tianjin and the south of Hebei Province.Transport of O3 was responsible for about 70% of the regional O3 contribution to Beijing urban areas,while transport of O3 precursors accounted for the remainder.The formation of O3 was limited by volatile organic compounds(VOCs) in the urban areas of Beijing,while being more sensitive to NOx levels in the suburban and more remote areas.Therefore,it is necessary to consider a large number of factors,including impacts of emissions from different regions,the two modes of regional contribution as well as the sensitivity of O3 formation to precursors,in the design of emissions control strategies for O3 reduction in Beijing.
基金supported by the Tianjin Fundamental Research Program of the Tianjin Committee of Science and Technology (Grant No. 10JCYBJC050800)the National Special Science and Technology Program for Non-Profit Industry of the Ministry of Environmental Protection (Grant No. 200909022)+2 种基金the 973 Program (Grant No. 2011CB403402)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Grant No. 40875001)the Basic Research Fund of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (Grant No. 2008Z011)
文摘Tianjin is the third largest megacity and the fastest growth area in China,and consequently faces the problems of surface ozone and haze episodes.This study measures and characterizes volatile organic compounds （VOCs）,which are ozone precursors,to identify their possible sources and evaluate their contribution to ozone formation in urban and suburban Tianjin,China during the HaChi （Haze in China） summer campaign in 2009.A total of 107 species of ambient VOCs were detected,and the average concentrations of VOCs at urban and suburban sites were 92 and 174 ppbv,respectively.Of those,51 species of VOCs were extracted to analyze the possible VOC sources using positive matrix factorization.The identified sources of VOCs were significantly related to vehicular activities,which specifically contributed 60％ to urban and 42％ to suburban VOCs loadings in Tianjin.Industrial emission was the second most prominent source of ambient VOCs in both urban and suburban areas,although the contribution of industry in the suburban area （36％） was much higher than that at the urban area （16％）.We conclude that controlling vehicle emissions should be a top priority for VOC reduction,and that fast industrialization and urbanization causes air pollution to be more complex due to the combined emission of VOCs from industry and daily life,especially in suburban areas.
