Propelled partly by the Materials Genome Initiative,and partly by the algorithmic developments and the resounding successes of data-driven efforts in other domains,informatics strategies are beginning to take shape wi...Propelled partly by the Materials Genome Initiative,and partly by the algorithmic developments and the resounding successes of data-driven efforts in other domains,informatics strategies are beginning to take shape within materials science.These approaches lead to surrogate machine learning models that enable rapid predictions based purely on past data rather than by direct experimentation or by computations/simulations in which fundamental equations are explicitly solved.Data-centric informatics methods are becoming useful to determine material properties that are hard to measure or compute using traditional methods—due to the cost,time or effort involved—but for which reliable data either already exists or can be generated for at least a subset of the critical cases.Predictions are typically interpolative,involving fingerprinting a material numerically first,and then following a mapping(established via a learning algorithm)between the fingerprint and the property of interest.Fingerprints,also referred to as“descriptors”,may be of many types and scales,as dictated by the application domain and needs.Predictions may also be extrapolative—extending into new materials spaces—provided prediction uncertainties are properly taken into account.This article attempts to provide an overview of some of the recent successful data-driven“materials informatics”strategies undertaken in the last decade,with particular emphasis on the fingerprint or descriptor choices.The review also identifies some challenges the community is facing and those that should be overcome in the near future.展开更多
Metastasis is the hallmark of cancer that is responsible for the greatest number of cancer-related deaths.Yet,it remains poorly understood.The continuous evolution of cancer biology research and the emergence of new p...Metastasis is the hallmark of cancer that is responsible for the greatest number of cancer-related deaths.Yet,it remains poorly understood.The continuous evolution of cancer biology research and the emergence of new paradigms in the study of metastasis have revealed some of the molecular underpinnings of this dissemination process.The invading tumor cell,on its way to the target site,interacts with other proteins and cells.Recognition of these interactions improved the understanding of some of the biological principles of the metastatic cell that govern its mobility and plasticity.Communication with the tumor microenvironment allows invading cancer cells to overcome stromal challenges,settle,and colonize.These characteristics of cancer cells are driven by genetic and epigenetic modifications within the tumor cell itself and its microenvironment.Establishing the biological mechanisms of the metastatic process is crucial in finding open therapeutic windows for successful interventions.In this review,the authors explore the recent advancements in the field of metastasis and highlight the latest insights that contribute to shaping this hallmark of cancer.展开更多
Recent advances in deep learning have given rise to a new paradigm of holographic image reconstruction and phase recovery techniques with real-time performance.Through data-driven approaches,these emerging techniques ...Recent advances in deep learning have given rise to a new paradigm of holographic image reconstruction and phase recovery techniques with real-time performance.Through data-driven approaches,these emerging techniques have overcome some of the challenges associated with existing holographic image reconstruction methods while also minimizing the hardware requirements of holography.These recent advances open up a myriad of new opportunities for the use of coherent imaging systems in biomedical and engineering research and related applications.展开更多
Liquid crystal displays(LCDs)and photonic devices play a pivotal role to augmented reality(AR)and virtual reality(VR).The recently emerging high-dynamic-range(HDR)mini-LED backlit LCDs significantly boost the image qu...Liquid crystal displays(LCDs)and photonic devices play a pivotal role to augmented reality(AR)and virtual reality(VR).The recently emerging high-dynamic-range(HDR)mini-LED backlit LCDs significantly boost the image quality and brightness and reduce the power consumption for VR displays.Such a light engine is particularly attractive for compensating the optical loss of pancake structure to achieve compact and lightweight VR headsets.On the other hand,high-resolution-density,and high-brightness liquid-crystal-on-siilicon(LCoS)is a promising image source for the see-through AR displays,especially under high ambient lighting conditions.Meanwhile,the high-speed LCoS spatial light modulators open a new door for holographic displays and focal surface displays.Finally,the ultrathin planar diffractive LC optical elements,such as geometric phase LC grating and lens,have found useful applications in AR and VR for enhancing resolution,widening fiield-of-view,suppressing chromatic aberrations,creating multiplanes to overcome the vergence-accommodation conflict,and dynamic pupil steering to achieve gaze-matched Maxwellian displays,just to name a few.The operation principles,potential applications,and future challenges of these advanced LC devices will be discussed.展开更多
Cancers are highly complex diseases that are characterized by not only the overgrowth of malignant cells but also an altered immune response.The inhibition and reprogramming of the immune system play critical roles in...Cancers are highly complex diseases that are characterized by not only the overgrowth of malignant cells but also an altered immune response.The inhibition and reprogramming of the immune system play critical roles in tumor initiation and progression.Immunotherapy aims to reactivate antitumor immune cells and overcome the immune escape mechanisms of tumors.Represented by immune checkpoint blockade and adoptive cell transfer,tumor immunotherapy has seen tremendous success in the clinic,with the capability to induce long-term regression of some tumors that are refractory to all other treatments.Among them,immune checkpoint blocking therapy,represented by PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors(nivolumab)and CTLA-4 inhibitors(ipilimumab),has shown encouraging therapeutic effects in the treatment of various malignant tumors,such as non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)and melanoma.In addition,with the advent of CAR-T,CAR-M and other novel immunotherapy methods,immunotherapy has entered a new era.At present,evidence indicates that the combination of multiple immunotherapy methods may be one way to improve the therapeutic effect.However,the overall clinical response rate of tumor immunotherapy still needs improvement,which warrants the development of novel therapeutic designs as well as the discovery of biomarkers that can guide the prescription of these agents.Learning from the past success and failure of both clinical and basic research is critical for the rational design of studies in the future.In this article,we describe the efforts to manipulate the immune system against cancer and discuss different targets and cell types that can be exploited to promote the antitumor immune response.展开更多
Laser has been demonstrated to be a mature and versatile tool that presents great flexibility and applicability for the precision engineering of a wide range of materials over other established micromachining techniqu...Laser has been demonstrated to be a mature and versatile tool that presents great flexibility and applicability for the precision engineering of a wide range of materials over other established micromachining techniques.Past decades have witnessed its rapid development and extensive applications ranging from scientific researches to industrial manufacturing.Transparent hard materials remain several major technical challenges for conventional laser processing techniques due to their high hardness,great brittleness,and low optical absorption.A variety of hybrid laser processing technologies,such as laser-induced plasma-assisted ablation,laser-induced backside wet etching,and etching assisted laser micromachining,have been developed to overcome these barriers by introducing additional medium assistance or combining different process steps.This article reviews the basic principles and characteristics of these hybrid technologies.How these technologies are used to precisely process transparent hard materials and their recent advancements are introduced.These hybrid technologies show remarkable benefits in terms of efficiency,accuracy,and quality for the fabrication of microstructures and functional devices on the surface of or inside the transparent hard substrates,thus enabling widespread applications in the fields of microelectronics,bio-medicine,photonics,and microfluidics.A summary and outlook of the hybrid laser technologies are also highlighted.展开更多
Analog-to-digital converters(ADCs)must be high speed,broadband,and accurate for the development of modern information systems,such as radar,imaging,and communications systems;photonic technologies are regarded as prom...Analog-to-digital converters(ADCs)must be high speed,broadband,and accurate for the development of modern information systems,such as radar,imaging,and communications systems;photonic technologies are regarded as promising technologies for realizing these advanced requirements.Here,we present a deep-learning-powered photonic ADC architecture that simultaneously exploits the advantages of electronics and photonics and overcomes the bottlenecks of the two technologies,thereby overcoming the ADC tradeoff among speed,bandwidth,and accuracy.Via supervised training,the adopted deep neural networks learn the patterns of photonic system defects and recover the distorted data,thereby maintaining the high quality of the electronic quantized data succinctly and adaptively.The numerical and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed architecture outperforms state-ofthe-art ADCs with developable high throughput;hence,deep learning performs well in photonic ADC systems.We anticipate that the proposed architecture will inspire future high-performance photonic ADC design and provide opportunities for substantial performance enhancement for the next-generation information systems.展开更多
Preclinical and clinical diagnostics increasingly rely on techniques to visualize internal organs at high resolution via endoscopes.Miniaturized endoscopic probes are necessary for imaging small luminal or delicate or...Preclinical and clinical diagnostics increasingly rely on techniques to visualize internal organs at high resolution via endoscopes.Miniaturized endoscopic probes are necessary for imaging small luminal or delicate organs without causing trauma to tissue.However,current fabrication methods limit the imaging performance of highly miniaturized probes,restricting their widespread application.To overcome this limitation,we developed a novel ultrathin probe fabrication technique that utilizes 3D microprinting to reliably create side-facing freeform micro-optics(<130μm diameter)on single-mode fibers.Using this technique,we built a fully functional ultrathin aberration-corrected optical coherence tomography probe.This is the smallest freeform 3D imaging probe yet reported,with a diameter of 0.457 mm,including the catheter sheath.We demonstrated image quality and mechanical flexibility by imaging atherosclerotic human and mouse arteries.The ability to provide microstructural information with the smallest optical coherence tomography catheter opens a gateway for novel minimally invasive applications in disease.展开更多
Holographic three-dimensional display is an important display technique because it can provide all depth information of a real or virtual scene without any special eyewear.In recent years,with the development of compu...Holographic three-dimensional display is an important display technique because it can provide all depth information of a real or virtual scene without any special eyewear.In recent years,with the development of computer and optoelectronic technology,computer-generated holograms have attracted extensive attention and developed as the most promising method to realize holographic display.However,some bottlenecks still restrict the development of computer-generated holograms,such as heavy computation burden,low image quality,and the complicated system of color holographic display.To overcome these problems,numerous algorithms have been investigated with the aim of color dynamic holographic three-dimensional display.In this review,we will explain the essence of various computer-generated hologram algorithms and provide some insights for future research.展开更多
Speed and enhancement are the two most important metrics for anti-scattering light focusing by wavefront shaping(WS),which requires a spatial light modulator with a large number of modulation modes and a fast speed of...Speed and enhancement are the two most important metrics for anti-scattering light focusing by wavefront shaping(WS),which requires a spatial light modulator with a large number of modulation modes and a fast speed of response.Among the commercial modulators,the digital-micromirror device(DMD)is the sole solution providing millions of modulation modes and a pattern rate higher than 20 kHz.Thus,it has the potential to accelerate the process of anti-scattering light focusing with a high enhancement.Nevertheless,modulating light in a binary mode by the DMD restricts both the speed and enhancement seriously.Here,we propose a multi-pixel encoded DMD-based WS method by combining multiple micromirrors into a single modulation unit to overcome the drawbacks of binary modulation.In addition,to efficiently optimize the wavefront,we adopted separable natural evolution strategies(SNES),which could carry out a global search against a noisy environment.Compared with the state-of-the-art DMD-based WS method,the proposed method increased the speed of optimization and enhancement of focus by a factor of 179 and 16,respectively.In our demonstration,we achieved 10 foci with homogeneous brightness at a high speed and formed W-and S-shape patterns against the scattering medium.The experimental results suggest that the proposed method will pave a new avenue for WS in the applications of biomedical imaging,photon therapy,optogenetics,dynamic holographic display,etc.展开更多
Drug resistance is mainly responsible for cancer recurrence and poor prognosis.Epigenetic regulation is a heritable change in gene expressions independent of nucleotide sequence changes.As the common epigenetic regula...Drug resistance is mainly responsible for cancer recurrence and poor prognosis.Epigenetic regulation is a heritable change in gene expressions independent of nucleotide sequence changes.As the common epigenetic regulation mechanisms,DNA methylation,histone modification,and non-coding RNA regulation have been well studied.Increasing evidence has shown that aberrant epigenetic regulations contribute to tumor resistance.Therefore,targeting epigenetic regulators represents an effective strategy to reverse drug resistance.In this review,we mainly summarize the roles of epigenetic regulation in tumor resistance.In addition,as the essential factors for epigenetic modifications,histone demethylases mediate the histone or genomic DNA modifications.Herein,we comprehensively describe the functions of the histone demethylase family including the lysine-specific demethylase family,the Jumonji C-domain-containing demethylase family,and the histone arginine demethylase family,and fully discuss their regulatory mechanisms related to cancer drug resistance.In addition,therapeutic strategies,including small-molecule inhibitors and small interfering RNA targeting histone demethylases to overcome drug resistance,are also described.展开更多
基金financial support from several grants from the Office of Naval Research that allowed them to explore many applications of machine learning within materials science,including N00014-14-1-0098,N00014-16-1-2580,and N00014-10-1-0944.
文摘Propelled partly by the Materials Genome Initiative,and partly by the algorithmic developments and the resounding successes of data-driven efforts in other domains,informatics strategies are beginning to take shape within materials science.These approaches lead to surrogate machine learning models that enable rapid predictions based purely on past data rather than by direct experimentation or by computations/simulations in which fundamental equations are explicitly solved.Data-centric informatics methods are becoming useful to determine material properties that are hard to measure or compute using traditional methods—due to the cost,time or effort involved—but for which reliable data either already exists or can be generated for at least a subset of the critical cases.Predictions are typically interpolative,involving fingerprinting a material numerically first,and then following a mapping(established via a learning algorithm)between the fingerprint and the property of interest.Fingerprints,also referred to as“descriptors”,may be of many types and scales,as dictated by the application domain and needs.Predictions may also be extrapolative—extending into new materials spaces—provided prediction uncertainties are properly taken into account.This article attempts to provide an overview of some of the recent successful data-driven“materials informatics”strategies undertaken in the last decade,with particular emphasis on the fingerprint or descriptor choices.The review also identifies some challenges the community is facing and those that should be overcome in the near future.
文摘Metastasis is the hallmark of cancer that is responsible for the greatest number of cancer-related deaths.Yet,it remains poorly understood.The continuous evolution of cancer biology research and the emergence of new paradigms in the study of metastasis have revealed some of the molecular underpinnings of this dissemination process.The invading tumor cell,on its way to the target site,interacts with other proteins and cells.Recognition of these interactions improved the understanding of some of the biological principles of the metastatic cell that govern its mobility and plasticity.Communication with the tumor microenvironment allows invading cancer cells to overcome stromal challenges,settle,and colonize.These characteristics of cancer cells are driven by genetic and epigenetic modifications within the tumor cell itself and its microenvironment.Establishing the biological mechanisms of the metastatic process is crucial in finding open therapeutic windows for successful interventions.In this review,the authors explore the recent advancements in the field of metastasis and highlight the latest insights that contribute to shaping this hallmark of cancer.
文摘Recent advances in deep learning have given rise to a new paradigm of holographic image reconstruction and phase recovery techniques with real-time performance.Through data-driven approaches,these emerging techniques have overcome some of the challenges associated with existing holographic image reconstruction methods while also minimizing the hardware requirements of holography.These recent advances open up a myriad of new opportunities for the use of coherent imaging systems in biomedical and engineering research and related applications.
文摘Liquid crystal displays(LCDs)and photonic devices play a pivotal role to augmented reality(AR)and virtual reality(VR).The recently emerging high-dynamic-range(HDR)mini-LED backlit LCDs significantly boost the image quality and brightness and reduce the power consumption for VR displays.Such a light engine is particularly attractive for compensating the optical loss of pancake structure to achieve compact and lightweight VR headsets.On the other hand,high-resolution-density,and high-brightness liquid-crystal-on-siilicon(LCoS)is a promising image source for the see-through AR displays,especially under high ambient lighting conditions.Meanwhile,the high-speed LCoS spatial light modulators open a new door for holographic displays and focal surface displays.Finally,the ultrathin planar diffractive LC optical elements,such as geometric phase LC grating and lens,have found useful applications in AR and VR for enhancing resolution,widening fiield-of-view,suppressing chromatic aberrations,creating multiplanes to overcome the vergence-accommodation conflict,and dynamic pupil steering to achieve gaze-matched Maxwellian displays,just to name a few.The operation principles,potential applications,and future challenges of these advanced LC devices will be discussed.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2019YFC1315701 to Y.S.)sponsored by National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital&Shenzhen Hospital,Chinese Academic of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College,Shenzhen(SZ2020ZD004,E010121002)+2 种基金supported by Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen(No.SZSM201812062,No.SZSM201612097)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(KCXFZ20201221173008022)Shenzhen Key Medical Discipline Construction Fund(No.SZXK075).
文摘Cancers are highly complex diseases that are characterized by not only the overgrowth of malignant cells but also an altered immune response.The inhibition and reprogramming of the immune system play critical roles in tumor initiation and progression.Immunotherapy aims to reactivate antitumor immune cells and overcome the immune escape mechanisms of tumors.Represented by immune checkpoint blockade and adoptive cell transfer,tumor immunotherapy has seen tremendous success in the clinic,with the capability to induce long-term regression of some tumors that are refractory to all other treatments.Among them,immune checkpoint blocking therapy,represented by PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors(nivolumab)and CTLA-4 inhibitors(ipilimumab),has shown encouraging therapeutic effects in the treatment of various malignant tumors,such as non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)and melanoma.In addition,with the advent of CAR-T,CAR-M and other novel immunotherapy methods,immunotherapy has entered a new era.At present,evidence indicates that the combination of multiple immunotherapy methods may be one way to improve the therapeutic effect.However,the overall clinical response rate of tumor immunotherapy still needs improvement,which warrants the development of novel therapeutic designs as well as the discovery of biomarkers that can guide the prescription of these agents.Learning from the past success and failure of both clinical and basic research is critical for the rational design of studies in the future.In this article,we describe the efforts to manipulate the immune system against cancer and discuss different targets and cell types that can be exploited to promote the antitumor immune response.
基金This work is supported by the research grant from Agency for Science,Technology,and Research,RIE2020 Advanced Manufacturing and Engineering Individual Research Grant(No.A1883c0010).
文摘Laser has been demonstrated to be a mature and versatile tool that presents great flexibility and applicability for the precision engineering of a wide range of materials over other established micromachining techniques.Past decades have witnessed its rapid development and extensive applications ranging from scientific researches to industrial manufacturing.Transparent hard materials remain several major technical challenges for conventional laser processing techniques due to their high hardness,great brittleness,and low optical absorption.A variety of hybrid laser processing technologies,such as laser-induced plasma-assisted ablation,laser-induced backside wet etching,and etching assisted laser micromachining,have been developed to overcome these barriers by introducing additional medium assistance or combining different process steps.This article reviews the basic principles and characteristics of these hybrid technologies.How these technologies are used to precisely process transparent hard materials and their recent advancements are introduced.These hybrid technologies show remarkable benefits in terms of efficiency,accuracy,and quality for the fabrication of microstructures and functional devices on the surface of or inside the transparent hard substrates,thus enabling widespread applications in the fields of microelectronics,bio-medicine,photonics,and microfluidics.A summary and outlook of the hybrid laser technologies are also highlighted.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos 61822508,61571292,and 61535006)the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(2017SHZDZX03).
文摘Analog-to-digital converters(ADCs)must be high speed,broadband,and accurate for the development of modern information systems,such as radar,imaging,and communications systems;photonic technologies are regarded as promising technologies for realizing these advanced requirements.Here,we present a deep-learning-powered photonic ADC architecture that simultaneously exploits the advantages of electronics and photonics and overcomes the bottlenecks of the two technologies,thereby overcoming the ADC tradeoff among speed,bandwidth,and accuracy.Via supervised training,the adopted deep neural networks learn the patterns of photonic system defects and recover the distorted data,thereby maintaining the high quality of the electronic quantized data succinctly and adaptively.The numerical and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed architecture outperforms state-ofthe-art ADCs with developable high throughput;hence,deep learning performs well in photonic ADC systems.We anticipate that the proposed architecture will inspire future high-performance photonic ADC design and provide opportunities for substantial performance enhancement for the next-generation information systems.
基金funded by the Australian Research Council(CE140100003)a Premier’s Research and Industry Fund grant provided by the South Australian Government Department for Industry and Skills+5 种基金BMBF PRINTOPTICS(13N14096,13N14097),Baden-Wurttemberg(BW)Stiftung OPTERIAL,European Research Council Advanced Grant COMPLEXPLAS,European Research Council Proof of Concept 3DPrintedOptics,and German Research Foundation(DFG)Integrated quantum science and technology(IQST)the National Health and Medical Research Council(NHMRC,Principle Research Fellowship 1111630)the National Heart Foundation(Lin Huddleston Senior Fellowship,and Postdoctoral Fellowship 102093)the University of Adelaide(Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences Emerging Leadership Program grant and Research Travel Award)Australia-Germany Joint Research Co-operation Scheme(UA-DAAD).
文摘Preclinical and clinical diagnostics increasingly rely on techniques to visualize internal organs at high resolution via endoscopes.Miniaturized endoscopic probes are necessary for imaging small luminal or delicate organs without causing trauma to tissue.However,current fabrication methods limit the imaging performance of highly miniaturized probes,restricting their widespread application.To overcome this limitation,we developed a novel ultrathin probe fabrication technique that utilizes 3D microprinting to reliably create side-facing freeform micro-optics(<130μm diameter)on single-mode fibers.Using this technique,we built a fully functional ultrathin aberration-corrected optical coherence tomography probe.This is the smallest freeform 3D imaging probe yet reported,with a diameter of 0.457 mm,including the catheter sheath.We demonstrated image quality and mechanical flexibility by imaging atherosclerotic human and mouse arteries.The ability to provide microstructural information with the smallest optical coherence tomography catheter opens a gateway for novel minimally invasive applications in disease.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62035003,61975014).
文摘Holographic three-dimensional display is an important display technique because it can provide all depth information of a real or virtual scene without any special eyewear.In recent years,with the development of computer and optoelectronic technology,computer-generated holograms have attracted extensive attention and developed as the most promising method to realize holographic display.However,some bottlenecks still restrict the development of computer-generated holograms,such as heavy computation burden,low image quality,and the complicated system of color holographic display.To overcome these problems,numerous algorithms have been investigated with the aim of color dynamic holographic three-dimensional display.In this review,we will explain the essence of various computer-generated hologram algorithms and provide some insights for future research.
基金Shanghai Municipal of Science and Technology Project(No.20JC1419500)Foundation of National Facility for Translational Medicine(Shanghai)(No.TMSK-2020-129)+2 种基金Shanghai Pujiang Program(NO.20PJ 1408700)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62005007)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Beihang University).
文摘Speed and enhancement are the two most important metrics for anti-scattering light focusing by wavefront shaping(WS),which requires a spatial light modulator with a large number of modulation modes and a fast speed of response.Among the commercial modulators,the digital-micromirror device(DMD)is the sole solution providing millions of modulation modes and a pattern rate higher than 20 kHz.Thus,it has the potential to accelerate the process of anti-scattering light focusing with a high enhancement.Nevertheless,modulating light in a binary mode by the DMD restricts both the speed and enhancement seriously.Here,we propose a multi-pixel encoded DMD-based WS method by combining multiple micromirrors into a single modulation unit to overcome the drawbacks of binary modulation.In addition,to efficiently optimize the wavefront,we adopted separable natural evolution strategies(SNES),which could carry out a global search against a noisy environment.Compared with the state-of-the-art DMD-based WS method,the proposed method increased the speed of optimization and enhancement of focus by a factor of 179 and 16,respectively.In our demonstration,we achieved 10 foci with homogeneous brightness at a high speed and formed W-and S-shape patterns against the scattering medium.The experimental results suggest that the proposed method will pave a new avenue for WS in the applications of biomedical imaging,photon therapy,optogenetics,dynamic holographic display,etc.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(nos.22277110,81973177,and 81903770)Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(no.222300420069)+2 种基金Program for Science&Technology Innovation Talents in Universities of Henan Province(no.21HASTIT045)Key scientific and technological projects of Henan Province(no.222102310125)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2019M662556).
文摘Drug resistance is mainly responsible for cancer recurrence and poor prognosis.Epigenetic regulation is a heritable change in gene expressions independent of nucleotide sequence changes.As the common epigenetic regulation mechanisms,DNA methylation,histone modification,and non-coding RNA regulation have been well studied.Increasing evidence has shown that aberrant epigenetic regulations contribute to tumor resistance.Therefore,targeting epigenetic regulators represents an effective strategy to reverse drug resistance.In this review,we mainly summarize the roles of epigenetic regulation in tumor resistance.In addition,as the essential factors for epigenetic modifications,histone demethylases mediate the histone or genomic DNA modifications.Herein,we comprehensively describe the functions of the histone demethylase family including the lysine-specific demethylase family,the Jumonji C-domain-containing demethylase family,and the histone arginine demethylase family,and fully discuss their regulatory mechanisms related to cancer drug resistance.In addition,therapeutic strategies,including small-molecule inhibitors and small interfering RNA targeting histone demethylases to overcome drug resistance,are also described.
