A 45-d laboratory experiment was conducted to compare the effect of four crop straws on the transformations of organic matter （OM） during composting of sewage sludge. The four crop straws included rape straw, wheat ...A 45-d laboratory experiment was conducted to compare the effect of four crop straws on the transformations of organic matter （OM） during composting of sewage sludge. The four crop straws included rape straw, wheat straw, maize straw and rice straw. The following parameters such as temperature, OM, humic-like substances （HS）, fulvic-like acids （FA） and humic-like acids （HA） were determined. The degradation of OM and the formation of HS and HA could be described well by the first-order kinetic model, while the FA content fluctuated during composting. The maximal degradation rates of OM in the compost piles added with rape straw, wheat straw, maize straw and rice straw were 34.7, 46.9, 54.7 and 52.8%, respectively, and the final contents of HS were 118, 128, 141 and 134 g kg-1, respectively, while the humification indices were higher in the compost piles added with maize straw and wheat straw than in those with rice straw and rape straw. The results indicate that a higher hemicellulose content and a lower C/N ratio in crop straw can result in a higher rate of OM degradation and higher contents of HS, while a higher content of lignin can lead to a higher polymerization degree of humic substances in compost piles. The final compost piles added with maize straw has the highest contents of OM, total nitrogen and humus substance as well as the highest values of polymerization degree, while compost piles with rape straw have the highest potassium content and those with rice straw have the highest pH values.展开更多
Microbial methanogenesis is a major source of the greenhouse gas methane(CH4).It is the final step in the anaerobic degradation of organic matter when inorganic electron acceptors such as nitrate,ferric iron,or sulfat...Microbial methanogenesis is a major source of the greenhouse gas methane(CH4).It is the final step in the anaerobic degradation of organic matter when inorganic electron acceptors such as nitrate,ferric iron,or sulfate have been depleted.Knowledge of this degradation pathway is important for the creation of mechanistic models,prediction of future CH4 emission scenarios,and development of mitigation strategies.In most anoxic environments,CH4 is produced from either acetate(aceticlastic methanogenesis)or hydrogen(H2)plus carbon dioxide(CO2)(hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis).Hydrogen can be replaced by other CO2-type methanogenesis,using formate,carbon monoxide(CO),or alcohols as substrates.The ratio of these two pathways is tightly constrained by the stoichiometry of conversion processes.If the degradation of organic matter is complete(e.g.,degradation of straw in rice paddies),then fermentation eventually results in production of acetate and H2 at a ratio of>67%aceticlastic and<33%hydrogenotrophic methanogensis.However,acetate production can be favored when heterotrophic or chemolithotrophic acetogenesis is enhanced,and H2 production can be favored when syntrophic acetate oxidation is enhanced.This typically occurs at low and elevated temperatures,respectively.Thus,temperature can strongly influence the methanogenic pathway,which may range from 100%aceticlastic methanogenesis at low temperatures to 100%hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis at high temperatures.However,if the degradation of organic matter is not complete(e.g.,degradation of soil organic matter),the stoichiometry of fermentation is not tightly constrained,resulting,for example,in the preferential production of H2,followed by hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis.Preferential production of CH4 by either aceticlastic or hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis can also happen if one of the methanogenic substrates is not consumed by methanogens but is,instead,accumulated,volatilized,or utilized otherwise.Methylotrophic methanogens,which can use methanol as a substrate,are w展开更多
笔者从黄河源区河漫滩湿地地理地形指标和土壤指标出发,分析和研究黄河源区河漫滩湿地退化过程中土壤变化特征。结果表明:黄河源区河漫滩湿地不同退化阶段土壤的酸碱值大于p H 7时,p H随退化程度加剧有明显减少;随着退化梯度的加剧,土...笔者从黄河源区河漫滩湿地地理地形指标和土壤指标出发,分析和研究黄河源区河漫滩湿地退化过程中土壤变化特征。结果表明:黄河源区河漫滩湿地不同退化阶段土壤的酸碱值大于p H 7时,p H随退化程度加剧有明显减少;随着退化梯度的加剧,土壤含水量减少,草土比也逐渐减小;黄河源区河漫滩湿地退化土壤为松砂土,黄河源区河漫滩湿地随着退化程度的加剧小于0.01 mm物理黏粒含量基本上呈现减少的趋势;黄河源区河漫滩湿地主要养分在垂直方向上都表现出上层高于下层的规律,土壤有机质和全氮随着湿地退化都呈现了逐渐减少的规律。多重比较的结果,全N、全K和有机质,在退化阶段5与阶段1、阶段2、阶段3和阶段4之间差异显著(P<0.05),阶段1、阶段2、阶段3和阶段4之间差异不显著;碱解N在退化阶段2与阶段5之间差异显著(P<0.05),阶段1、阶段3和阶段4之间差异不显著;全P、速效P和速效K在河漫滩湿地退化过程中差异虽未达到显著水平,但随着退化进展,速效P是呈现出减少趋势,全P和速效K呈现出增加趋势。展开更多
基金funded by the the Key Technologied R&D Program of China during the 12th Five-Year Plan period (2013BAJ11B03)the Science & Technology Commission of Chongqing, China (CSTC, 2008AC7013)
文摘A 45-d laboratory experiment was conducted to compare the effect of four crop straws on the transformations of organic matter （OM） during composting of sewage sludge. The four crop straws included rape straw, wheat straw, maize straw and rice straw. The following parameters such as temperature, OM, humic-like substances （HS）, fulvic-like acids （FA） and humic-like acids （HA） were determined. The degradation of OM and the formation of HS and HA could be described well by the first-order kinetic model, while the FA content fluctuated during composting. The maximal degradation rates of OM in the compost piles added with rape straw, wheat straw, maize straw and rice straw were 34.7, 46.9, 54.7 and 52.8%, respectively, and the final contents of HS were 118, 128, 141 and 134 g kg-1, respectively, while the humification indices were higher in the compost piles added with maize straw and wheat straw than in those with rice straw and rape straw. The results indicate that a higher hemicellulose content and a lower C/N ratio in crop straw can result in a higher rate of OM degradation and higher contents of HS, while a higher content of lignin can lead to a higher polymerization degree of humic substances in compost piles. The final compost piles added with maize straw has the highest contents of OM, total nitrogen and humus substance as well as the highest values of polymerization degree, while compost piles with rape straw have the highest potassium content and those with rice straw have the highest pH values.
基金the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie (Fonds of the Chemical Industry), Germany.
文摘Microbial methanogenesis is a major source of the greenhouse gas methane(CH4).It is the final step in the anaerobic degradation of organic matter when inorganic electron acceptors such as nitrate,ferric iron,or sulfate have been depleted.Knowledge of this degradation pathway is important for the creation of mechanistic models,prediction of future CH4 emission scenarios,and development of mitigation strategies.In most anoxic environments,CH4 is produced from either acetate(aceticlastic methanogenesis)or hydrogen(H2)plus carbon dioxide(CO2)(hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis).Hydrogen can be replaced by other CO2-type methanogenesis,using formate,carbon monoxide(CO),or alcohols as substrates.The ratio of these two pathways is tightly constrained by the stoichiometry of conversion processes.If the degradation of organic matter is complete(e.g.,degradation of straw in rice paddies),then fermentation eventually results in production of acetate and H2 at a ratio of>67%aceticlastic and<33%hydrogenotrophic methanogensis.However,acetate production can be favored when heterotrophic or chemolithotrophic acetogenesis is enhanced,and H2 production can be favored when syntrophic acetate oxidation is enhanced.This typically occurs at low and elevated temperatures,respectively.Thus,temperature can strongly influence the methanogenic pathway,which may range from 100%aceticlastic methanogenesis at low temperatures to 100%hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis at high temperatures.However,if the degradation of organic matter is not complete(e.g.,degradation of soil organic matter),the stoichiometry of fermentation is not tightly constrained,resulting,for example,in the preferential production of H2,followed by hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis.Preferential production of CH4 by either aceticlastic or hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis can also happen if one of the methanogenic substrates is not consumed by methanogens but is,instead,accumulated,volatilized,or utilized otherwise.Methylotrophic methanogens,which can use methanol as a substrate,are w
文摘笔者从黄河源区河漫滩湿地地理地形指标和土壤指标出发,分析和研究黄河源区河漫滩湿地退化过程中土壤变化特征。结果表明:黄河源区河漫滩湿地不同退化阶段土壤的酸碱值大于p H 7时,p H随退化程度加剧有明显减少;随着退化梯度的加剧,土壤含水量减少,草土比也逐渐减小;黄河源区河漫滩湿地退化土壤为松砂土,黄河源区河漫滩湿地随着退化程度的加剧小于0.01 mm物理黏粒含量基本上呈现减少的趋势;黄河源区河漫滩湿地主要养分在垂直方向上都表现出上层高于下层的规律,土壤有机质和全氮随着湿地退化都呈现了逐渐减少的规律。多重比较的结果,全N、全K和有机质,在退化阶段5与阶段1、阶段2、阶段3和阶段4之间差异显著(P<0.05),阶段1、阶段2、阶段3和阶段4之间差异不显著;碱解N在退化阶段2与阶段5之间差异显著(P<0.05),阶段1、阶段3和阶段4之间差异不显著;全P、速效P和速效K在河漫滩湿地退化过程中差异虽未达到显著水平,但随着退化进展,速效P是呈现出减少趋势,全P和速效K呈现出增加趋势。
