In China, farmers employed in non-farm work have become important socio-economic actors, but few studies have examined the farmers' perspective in making their work location choices. Based on "push-pull"...In China, farmers employed in non-farm work have become important socio-economic actors, but few studies have examined the farmers' perspective in making their work location choices. Based on "push-pull" migration theory, this paper utilizes sectional data from a 2013 survey of farmers in China's Three Gorges Reservoir area to empirically analyze the factors influencing migrant workers' choice of employment location. The results indicate that 60.46% of laborers have migrated from their home province, whereas 39.54% have remained in their home province. Focusing on personal, household, and community characteristics—in addition to the economic characteristics of the sample counties—multinomial logistic regression models reveal that farmer-laborers' employment location decisions are influenced by their personal capital endowment(age, years of education and social networks), family structure(the number of laborers, elders, children and students), home village characteristics(location, economic development level and the degree of relief of the land) and home county economic development level. Notably, male and female laborers' location decisions reveal a converging trend, and their differences are not pronounced. Per capita arable land area has little influence on location decisions, whereas the educational level of laborers has a significant impact. The results differ significantly from those found in previous studies.展开更多
As the population continues to shrink in the black soil region of Northeast China since 2000,it is critical to master the impact of population shrinkage on rural functions to realize rural revitalization and sustainab...As the population continues to shrink in the black soil region of Northeast China since 2000,it is critical to master the impact of population shrinkage on rural functions to realize rural revitalization and sustainable development.In this study,we focused on the impacts of depopulation on the evolution and interrelationship of rural subfunctions.Based on the rural function indexes system,the TOPSIS(Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution)method,spatial analysis method,and mathematical statistics analysis method were used to summarize the spatial and temporal characteristics of rural function development,as well as the effect of population shrinkage in the typical black soil region of Northeast China.The results showed that depopulation varied in the extent and duration between the forested region and plain areas,which both impacted the trajectories of rural subfunctions evolution.For the economic development function and ecological conservation function,the effect of continuous slight depopulation was beneficial,while the effect of rapid depopulation was adverse,which was exactly opposite to the agricultural production function.All forms of population shrinkage were conducive to the development of the social security function.With the deepening population shrinkage,depopulation mainly promoted the collaborative development between subfunctions in this study,except the relationship between agricultural production and social security function.But effects of depopulation on the interrelationship of rural subfunctions varied between the forested region and plain areas in some cases.The results provided evidence for the cognition that population shrinkage had complicated effects on rural subfunctions.展开更多
The Pan-Third Pole region comprises multiple nations affected by climate vulnerability and energy inequality,wherein promoting energy transitions in rural households would provide a path to combat climate change.Ident...The Pan-Third Pole region comprises multiple nations affected by climate vulnerability and energy inequality,wherein promoting energy transitions in rural households would provide a path to combat climate change.Identifying the factors that drive rural household energy consumption and the transition is important.This study performed a micro-survey of 1060 rural households in five countries in the Pan-Third Pole region and empirically analyzed the relationships between off-farm income,energy consumption,and energy transitions.The off-farm income of rural households was found to have a significantly positive effect(p<0.01)on energy expenditure,indicating that energy expenditure increased with increasing off-farm income.Off-farm income has a significantly positive effect(p<0.01)on the proportion of commercial energy but a significantly negative effect on the proportion of noncommercial energy.These results indicate that increasing off-farm income can adjust the energy consumption structure of rural households.Furthermore,a robustness check by substituting independent variables,instrumental variable method(IV),and propensity score matching method(PSM)provided strong evidence to prove the robustness of the results.The heterogeneity analysis showed that the effects of off-farm income on energy expenditure and transitions differed among countries,off-farm income had no significant impact on energy expenditure in Cambodia and Myanmar,but it worked for China,Nepal,and Thailand.Finally,policy implications are proposed to promote energy transition in the Pan-Third pole region:providing more full-time or part-time off-farm employment opportunities,employment assistance or skill training by local governments;increasing the pace of infrastructure construction to solve energy inaccessibility;multiple measures to promote the education and environmental knowledge.展开更多
【目的】采用控释氮肥掺混磷钾等养分在冬小麦上一次性施用,揭示减肥、增效、节本增收方面的效应,为冬小麦轻简化生产提供技术支撑。【方法】于2011—2012、2012—2013、2013—2014年,选择在黄淮海东部不同冬小麦生态区进行控释氮肥随...【目的】采用控释氮肥掺混磷钾等养分在冬小麦上一次性施用,揭示减肥、增效、节本增收方面的效应,为冬小麦轻简化生产提供技术支撑。【方法】于2011—2012、2012—2013、2013—2014年,选择在黄淮海东部不同冬小麦生态区进行控释氮肥随小麦播种一次性施用试验。与普通氮肥分次施用(农民习惯施肥(FP)和优化施肥(OPT))对比,通过设置控释氮肥a等量氮素投入(CRFa)、控释氮肥a和控释氮肥b分别减量20%氮素投入(80%CRFa与80%CRFb)处理,经过3年31个试验对产量、养分效率、节本增收等进行研究。【结果】控释氮肥在冬小麦上一次性施用总体表现稳产或小幅增产趋势,相比普通氮肥分次施用(OPT)3年平均增产2.6%,增产点位数占全部试验点数量的83.9%。减少20%氮素投入的控释氮肥处理稳产增产点比例显著降低,两种控释氮肥中生物可降解型控释氮肥a的产量效应优于有机树脂包膜控释氮肥b;4种施肥模式随土壤质地由轻到重平均施氮增产分别为10.7%、17.4%增长到19.7%,控释氮肥应用在砂质或壤质土壤的相对增产效应(较OPT)优于黏质土壤;在中低产量水平下控释氮肥一次性施用相对产量效应(较OPT)优于高产水平地块。CRFa、80%CRFa和80%CRFb处理相比农民习惯施肥(FP)分别节约氮素投入14.7、59.3、59.3 kg N·hm^(-2),CRFa、80%CRFa和80%CRFb处理相比OPT氮肥偏生产力(PFPN)分别提高0.4、7.32、6.93 kg·kg^(-1),氮肥表观利用率分别提高1.5、8.6、6.2个百分点。CRFa和80%CRFa处理相比OPT节本增收分别达到543.8、150.3元/hm^2。【结论】冬小麦上控释氮肥配合其他养分底肥一次性施用、后期不再追肥的方式相比习惯施肥及普通肥料优化施用在产量稳定性、提高氮效率、节约劳动力及节本增收等方面优势明显。本试验条件下CRFa和80%CRFa处理效果较好。推荐减少20%氮用量CRFa施肥模式在黄淮东部冬小麦生产应用。展开更多
基金financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41571527, 41301193, 41101552,41401198)Main Direction Program (KZCX2-EW317)West Light Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (2013Yuhui)
文摘In China, farmers employed in non-farm work have become important socio-economic actors, but few studies have examined the farmers' perspective in making their work location choices. Based on "push-pull" migration theory, this paper utilizes sectional data from a 2013 survey of farmers in China's Three Gorges Reservoir area to empirically analyze the factors influencing migrant workers' choice of employment location. The results indicate that 60.46% of laborers have migrated from their home province, whereas 39.54% have remained in their home province. Focusing on personal, household, and community characteristics—in addition to the economic characteristics of the sample counties—multinomial logistic regression models reveal that farmer-laborers' employment location decisions are influenced by their personal capital endowment(age, years of education and social networks), family structure(the number of laborers, elders, children and students), home village characteristics(location, economic development level and the degree of relief of the land) and home county economic development level. Notably, male and female laborers' location decisions reveal a converging trend, and their differences are not pronounced. Per capita arable land area has little influence on location decisions, whereas the educational level of laborers has a significant impact. The results differ significantly from those found in previous studies.
基金Under the auspices of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022M713130)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42101212)Strategic Pilot Science and Technology Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA28020403)。
文摘As the population continues to shrink in the black soil region of Northeast China since 2000,it is critical to master the impact of population shrinkage on rural functions to realize rural revitalization and sustainable development.In this study,we focused on the impacts of depopulation on the evolution and interrelationship of rural subfunctions.Based on the rural function indexes system,the TOPSIS(Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution)method,spatial analysis method,and mathematical statistics analysis method were used to summarize the spatial and temporal characteristics of rural function development,as well as the effect of population shrinkage in the typical black soil region of Northeast China.The results showed that depopulation varied in the extent and duration between the forested region and plain areas,which both impacted the trajectories of rural subfunctions evolution.For the economic development function and ecological conservation function,the effect of continuous slight depopulation was beneficial,while the effect of rapid depopulation was adverse,which was exactly opposite to the agricultural production function.All forms of population shrinkage were conducive to the development of the social security function.With the deepening population shrinkage,depopulation mainly promoted the collaborative development between subfunctions in this study,except the relationship between agricultural production and social security function.But effects of depopulation on the interrelationship of rural subfunctions varied between the forested region and plain areas in some cases.The results provided evidence for the cognition that population shrinkage had complicated effects on rural subfunctions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72104112,41901255,31861143015)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA20010303).
文摘The Pan-Third Pole region comprises multiple nations affected by climate vulnerability and energy inequality,wherein promoting energy transitions in rural households would provide a path to combat climate change.Identifying the factors that drive rural household energy consumption and the transition is important.This study performed a micro-survey of 1060 rural households in five countries in the Pan-Third Pole region and empirically analyzed the relationships between off-farm income,energy consumption,and energy transitions.The off-farm income of rural households was found to have a significantly positive effect(p<0.01)on energy expenditure,indicating that energy expenditure increased with increasing off-farm income.Off-farm income has a significantly positive effect(p<0.01)on the proportion of commercial energy but a significantly negative effect on the proportion of noncommercial energy.These results indicate that increasing off-farm income can adjust the energy consumption structure of rural households.Furthermore,a robustness check by substituting independent variables,instrumental variable method(IV),and propensity score matching method(PSM)provided strong evidence to prove the robustness of the results.The heterogeneity analysis showed that the effects of off-farm income on energy expenditure and transitions differed among countries,off-farm income had no significant impact on energy expenditure in Cambodia and Myanmar,but it worked for China,Nepal,and Thailand.Finally,policy implications are proposed to promote energy transition in the Pan-Third pole region:providing more full-time or part-time off-farm employment opportunities,employment assistance or skill training by local governments;increasing the pace of infrastructure construction to solve energy inaccessibility;multiple measures to promote the education and environmental knowledge.
文摘【目的】采用控释氮肥掺混磷钾等养分在冬小麦上一次性施用,揭示减肥、增效、节本增收方面的效应,为冬小麦轻简化生产提供技术支撑。【方法】于2011—2012、2012—2013、2013—2014年,选择在黄淮海东部不同冬小麦生态区进行控释氮肥随小麦播种一次性施用试验。与普通氮肥分次施用(农民习惯施肥(FP)和优化施肥(OPT))对比,通过设置控释氮肥a等量氮素投入(CRFa)、控释氮肥a和控释氮肥b分别减量20%氮素投入(80%CRFa与80%CRFb)处理,经过3年31个试验对产量、养分效率、节本增收等进行研究。【结果】控释氮肥在冬小麦上一次性施用总体表现稳产或小幅增产趋势,相比普通氮肥分次施用(OPT)3年平均增产2.6%,增产点位数占全部试验点数量的83.9%。减少20%氮素投入的控释氮肥处理稳产增产点比例显著降低,两种控释氮肥中生物可降解型控释氮肥a的产量效应优于有机树脂包膜控释氮肥b;4种施肥模式随土壤质地由轻到重平均施氮增产分别为10.7%、17.4%增长到19.7%,控释氮肥应用在砂质或壤质土壤的相对增产效应(较OPT)优于黏质土壤;在中低产量水平下控释氮肥一次性施用相对产量效应(较OPT)优于高产水平地块。CRFa、80%CRFa和80%CRFb处理相比农民习惯施肥(FP)分别节约氮素投入14.7、59.3、59.3 kg N·hm^(-2),CRFa、80%CRFa和80%CRFb处理相比OPT氮肥偏生产力(PFPN)分别提高0.4、7.32、6.93 kg·kg^(-1),氮肥表观利用率分别提高1.5、8.6、6.2个百分点。CRFa和80%CRFa处理相比OPT节本增收分别达到543.8、150.3元/hm^2。【结论】冬小麦上控释氮肥配合其他养分底肥一次性施用、后期不再追肥的方式相比习惯施肥及普通肥料优化施用在产量稳定性、提高氮效率、节约劳动力及节本增收等方面优势明显。本试验条件下CRFa和80%CRFa处理效果较好。推荐减少20%氮用量CRFa施肥模式在黄淮东部冬小麦生产应用。
