In the early Middle Ages the Europe was a chaotic social environment.The empire was so vast that no king could build a centralized government,so the king depended on counts to administrate the regions.There were confl...In the early Middle Ages the Europe was a chaotic social environment.The empire was so vast that no king could build a centralized government,so the king depended on counts to administrate the regions.There were conflicts,wars,invasion and famine at that time.The decentralized government could not protect people from these sufferings,so the people just could search for the strong to secure them.The lord could provide protection to his vassals and grant fiefs to his vassals,and in turn vassals needed to perform their obligation to the lord.These obligation included loyalty,military service,assistance,offering material and counsel which stabilized the area that the lord ruled.The feudalism in the administration of Merovingian and Carolingian even after the breakup of Carolingian could illustrate the stable units of the empire.展开更多
This article addresses issues regarding the transmission of HIV;without the combination antiretroviral treatment (cART), HIV causes a fatal outcome of those infected in most cases. First, legal issues: For years, cont...This article addresses issues regarding the transmission of HIV;without the combination antiretroviral treatment (cART), HIV causes a fatal outcome of those infected in most cases. First, legal issues: For years, controversial discussions have dealt with the subject of the legal classification of HIV infection, such as “… criminalization of HIV exposure might limit access to and uptake of HIV prevention services…” Based on the rule of law of a constitutional state, we explain the legal principles that serve to protect the legal rights of its citizens. The state has to protect its citizens from harm by other people. The prosecution and conviction of a specific person for a proven HIV infection are legal. Therefore, general decriminalization of HIV infection would undermine the right of thereby harmed citizens to compensation. Second, HIV prevention strategies: Based on the Test and Treatment Strategy (TASP)1, controlled studies were undertaken to find out which framework conditions could improve their benefit. We outline concepts that can help to curb the still ongoing spread of HIV: By providing early HIV diagnosis and ongoing HIV care services as part of updated education and prevention campaigns. Also, concerted, comprehensive campaigns are required to demonstrate further impacts of HIV infection: Both on the quality of life of infected individuals due to the development of non-communicable diseases and the increasing burden to societies as a whole.展开更多
文摘In the early Middle Ages the Europe was a chaotic social environment.The empire was so vast that no king could build a centralized government,so the king depended on counts to administrate the regions.There were conflicts,wars,invasion and famine at that time.The decentralized government could not protect people from these sufferings,so the people just could search for the strong to secure them.The lord could provide protection to his vassals and grant fiefs to his vassals,and in turn vassals needed to perform their obligation to the lord.These obligation included loyalty,military service,assistance,offering material and counsel which stabilized the area that the lord ruled.The feudalism in the administration of Merovingian and Carolingian even after the breakup of Carolingian could illustrate the stable units of the empire.
文摘This article addresses issues regarding the transmission of HIV;without the combination antiretroviral treatment (cART), HIV causes a fatal outcome of those infected in most cases. First, legal issues: For years, controversial discussions have dealt with the subject of the legal classification of HIV infection, such as “… criminalization of HIV exposure might limit access to and uptake of HIV prevention services…” Based on the rule of law of a constitutional state, we explain the legal principles that serve to protect the legal rights of its citizens. The state has to protect its citizens from harm by other people. The prosecution and conviction of a specific person for a proven HIV infection are legal. Therefore, general decriminalization of HIV infection would undermine the right of thereby harmed citizens to compensation. Second, HIV prevention strategies: Based on the Test and Treatment Strategy (TASP)1, controlled studies were undertaken to find out which framework conditions could improve their benefit. We outline concepts that can help to curb the still ongoing spread of HIV: By providing early HIV diagnosis and ongoing HIV care services as part of updated education and prevention campaigns. Also, concerted, comprehensive campaigns are required to demonstrate further impacts of HIV infection: Both on the quality of life of infected individuals due to the development of non-communicable diseases and the increasing burden to societies as a whole.
