The success of any perimeter intrusion detection system depends on three important performance parameters： the probability of detection （POD）, the nuisance alarm rate （NAR）, and the false alarm rate （FAR）. The ...The success of any perimeter intrusion detection system depends on three important performance parameters： the probability of detection （POD）, the nuisance alarm rate （NAR）, and the false alarm rate （FAR）. The most fundamental parameter, POD, is normally related to a number of factors such as the event of interest, the sensitivity of the sensor, the installation quality of the system, and the reliability of the sensing equipment. The suppression of nuisance alarms without degrading sensitivity in fiber optic intrusion detection systems is key to maintaining acceptable performance. Signal processing algorithms that maintain the POD and eliminate nuisance alarms are crucial for achieving this. In this paper, a robust event classification system using supervised neural networks together with a level crossings （LCs） based feature extraction algorithm is presented for the detection and recognition of intrusion and non-intrusion events in a fence-based fiber-optic intrusion detection system. A level crossings algorithm is also used with a dynamic threshold to suppress torrential rain-induced nuisance alarms in a fence system. Results show that rain-induced nuisance alarms can be suppressed for rainfall rates in excess of 100mm/hr with the simultaneous detection of intrusion events. The use of a level crossing based detection and novel classification algorithm is also presented for a buried pipeline fiber optic intrusion detection system for the suppression of nuisance events and discrimination of intrusion events. The sensor employed for both types of systems is a distributed bidirectional fiber-optic Mach-Zehnder （MZ） interferometer.展开更多
The effects of natural andgeochemical factors depending on heavy metal contamination in nuisance dust particles were evaluated. The nuisance dust particles were sampled using passive deposit gauge method for one year ...The effects of natural andgeochemical factors depending on heavy metal contamination in nuisance dust particles were evaluated. The nuisance dust particles were sampled using passive deposit gauge method for one year from April2010 to March2011 and the obtained samples were measured for the total contents and the contamination levels of Fe, Mn, Cu and As usinggeo-accumulation index （Igeo ）, enrichment factor （EF） and the integrated pollution index （IPI）. The results showed that, the contamination levels of Fe and Mn based on Igeo values, were uncontaminated （Igeo 〈 0） （variations of the Igeo index was from -3.11 to -1.751 for Fe, from -0.630 to -1.925 for Mn）, while the values of Cu and As were demonstrated to have moderate contamination based on Igeo values （variations of Igeo index was from -1.125 to 0.848 for Cu, and from -2.002 to 1.249 for As）. The analysis of EF also revealed minor to moderate enrichment for Mn （1.215-4.214）, minor to moderately severe enrichment for Cu （2.791-6.484）, and As （1.370-8.462）, respectively. The variation of the IPI index also showed low to moderate level of heavy metal pollution in nuisance dust particulates （0.511-1.829）. The analysis of the results also approved that the natural processes andgeochemical variables （the changing meteorological parameters） can significantly affect the availability of heavy metals in nuisance dust particles in Western Iran.展开更多
The Heinenoord Tunnel in The Netherlands connects the Hoeksche Waard Island with the city of Rotterdam.The tunnel is 614 m long,consists of two unidirectional tubes(3 lanes each)and has an average daily traffic load o...The Heinenoord Tunnel in The Netherlands connects the Hoeksche Waard Island with the city of Rotterdam.The tunnel is 614 m long,consists of two unidirectional tubes(3 lanes each)and has an average daily traffic load of 92,100 vehicles.The tunnel was opened for traffic in 1969.The structure is basically still sound,but a full refurbishment of the installations and systems is required,because they are end of life.A long closure of the tunnel(or even one tube)is not possible,because alternative routes are scarce and require significant extra travel time,not suitable for the high traffic load.Thus,various scenarios were considered to assure the accessibility of the Hoeksche Waard during the works,scheduled for 2023-2024.Multi-criteria analyses were performed for each scenario,taking into account the total project cost,societal cost(due to extra travel time)and the total required time span for the works.Refurbishment through“parallel assembly”proved to be optimal.This concept means that the new installations and systems are installed next to the current ones,that will remain in service until the end phase of the refurbishment.The existing installations and systems are only dismantled after integral testing has shown that the completed new ones work properly.This approach allows most of the works to be carried out during a series of night and weekend closures of just one tube.This limits nuisance,because one driving direction is always left undisturbed,while the closure for the other driving direction takes place in low-traffic periods.This paper describes the applied method to select the optimal refurbishment approach,as well as the(partly unconventional)measures that are implemented to enhance the resilience of the tunnel system to assure as much availability for traffic as possible,also during future maintenance works.展开更多
Objective:To determine resistance status of Culex species to different class of insecticides and assess the major anti-mosquito strategies employed by urban households and their possible effects on malaria acquisition...Objective:To determine resistance status of Culex species to different class of insecticides and assess the major anti-mosquito strategies employed by urban households and their possible effects on malaria acquisition.Methods:Structured questionnaires were randomly administered to obtain information on demographic characteristics,measures that people use to prevent mosquito bites and their perception of where mosquitoes breed in their communities.Adult susceptibility assays were also carried out using WHO discriminating dosages of four insecticides from different chemical classes against Culex species.Results:Majority of respondents(54.75%) preferred the use of domestic insecticides in the form of aerosols and coils.Among households that used domestic insecticides,the use of coil was most frequent(62.9%) with a mean(95%CI) of 9.18(8.99,9.37) coils per week.Strong level of pyrethroid-resistance and multiple insecticide resistance in Culex species were also detected in some of the study sites.Conclusions:The excessive use of domestic insecticides and high level of resistance in Culex species observed in the study area has implications for the ITN component of the nation's malaria control program in more subtle ways.People will lose interest in the use of ITN when it fails to protect users from bites of resistant Culex species.Excessive use of domestic insecticides may also select resistance in both malaria vectors and Culex species.On this account we recommend that nuisance mosquitoes must be controlled as part of malaria control programs to improve acceptance and utilization of ITN.展开更多
We propose the maximin efficiency robust test（MERT） for multiple nuisance parameters based on theories about the maximin efficiency robust test for only one nuisance parameter and investigate some theoretical proper...We propose the maximin efficiency robust test（MERT） for multiple nuisance parameters based on theories about the maximin efficiency robust test for only one nuisance parameter and investigate some theoretical properties about this robust test.We explore some theoretical properties about the power of the MERT for multiple nuisance parameters in a specified scenario intuitively further more.We also propose a meaningful example from statistical genetic field to which the MERT for multiple nuisance parameters can be well applied.Extensive simulation studies are conducted to testify the robustness of the MERT for multiple nuisance parameters.展开更多
We discuss formulas and techniques for finding maximum-likelihood estimators of parameters of autoregressive (with particular emphasis on Markov and Yule) models, computing their asymptotic variance-covariance matrix ...We discuss formulas and techniques for finding maximum-likelihood estimators of parameters of autoregressive (with particular emphasis on Markov and Yule) models, computing their asymptotic variance-covariance matrix and displaying the resulting confidence regions;Monte Carlo simulation is then used to establish the accuracy of the corresponding level of confidence. The results indicate that a direct application of the Central Limit Theorem yields errors too large to be acceptable;instead, we recommend using a technique based directly on the natural logarithm of the likelihood function, verifying its substantially higher accuracy. Our study is then extended to the case of estimating only a subset of a model’s parameters, when the remaining ones (called nuisance) are of no interest to us.展开更多
This paper describes a study into the development of more robust dust emission factors by means of dust and meteorological monitoring. Emission factors for nuisance dusts in the literature are scarce, with estimates o...This paper describes a study into the development of more robust dust emission factors by means of dust and meteorological monitoring. Emission factors for nuisance dusts in the literature are scarce, with estimates of dust output given for many processes in mass per unit area per year. Temporal variations and the extent and conditions in which maximum concentrations occur can therefore be impossible to predict with any accuracy. This investigation aims to improve predic-tions by “back calculating” emission levels based on dust monitoring around known dust sources. Nuisance dust and meteorological monitoring has been undertaken at a sand and gravel quarry in the UK for a consecutive period of two years. Sticky pad directional dust monitors were used to collect dust at eight locations at and around the site with meteorological data collected at an elec-tronic weather station within the site. Air quality modelling software (ADMS) was used to test emission factors from the European Environment Agency (EEA) and the US Environmental Protec-tion Agency (EPA) for emissions from mineral workings. Predictions were compared with the dust monitoring data to assess accuracy, with results showing limited poor correspondence (r<sup>2</sup> < 0.3). Trends showed that emission predictions were poorest in winter;this is likely because most emis-sion calculations are not weather dependent and seasonal fluctuations will occur. Dust emission rate calculations were altered with respect to the dust monitoring data for one monitoring location on the mineral site boundary and the model was run again. Results were then tested at two different locations up to 200 m from the site boundary, with very positive correlations (r<sup>2</sup > 0.89) and similar maximum concentrations (<5% difference). This study has therefore shown that ac-curate site-specific emission rates can be produced in combination with site boundary sticky pad dust monitoring in order to accurately derive estimations elsewhere.展开更多
Consider a distribution with several parameters whose exact values are unknown and need to be estimated using the maximum-likelihood technique. Under a regular case of estimation, it is fairly routine to construct a c...Consider a distribution with several parameters whose exact values are unknown and need to be estimated using the maximum-likelihood technique. Under a regular case of estimation, it is fairly routine to construct a confidence region for all such parameters, based on the natural logarithm of the corresponding likelihood function. In this article, we investigate the case of doing this for only some of these parameters, assuming that the remaining (so called nuisance) parameters are of no interest to us. This is to be done at a chosen level of confidence, maintaining the usual accuracy of this procedure (resulting in about 1% error for samples of size , and further decreasing with 1/n). We provide a general solution to this problem, demonstrating it by many explicit examples.展开更多
For text-independent speaker verification, the Gaussian mixture model （GMM） using a universal background model strategy and the GMM using support vector machines are the two most commonly used methodologies. Recentl...For text-independent speaker verification, the Gaussian mixture model （GMM） using a universal background model strategy and the GMM using support vector machines are the two most commonly used methodologies. Recently, a new SVM-based speaker verification method using GMM super vectors has been proposed. This paper describes the construction of a new speaker verification system and investigates the use of nuisance attribute projection and test normalization to further enhance performance. Experiments were conducted on the core test of the 2006 NIST speaker recognition evaluation corpus. The experimental results indicate that an SVM-based speaker verification system using GMM super vectors can achieve appealing performance. With the use of nuisance attribute projection and test normalization, the system performance can be significantly improved, with improvements in the equal error rate from 7.78% to 4.92% and detection cost function from 0.0376 to 0.0251.展开更多
The professional stress is a physical and emotional harmful reaction. In fact, it presents a major public health problem in Morocco. Our work is directed to study the differences between the various groups of professi...The professional stress is a physical and emotional harmful reaction. In fact, it presents a major public health problem in Morocco. Our work is directed to study the differences between the various groups of professional and non-professional drivers in terms of stress reactions, noise nuisance and implication in the production accidents. The present study is transversal descriptive type based on a questionnaire and neuropsychological tests conducted by 60 non-professional drivers and 60 taxi drivers in Kenitra. Two scales evaluated the stress: the Resistance Test of Stress (TRS) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). According to this last scale, 63.5% of the taxi drivers were considered as stressed. These drivers have the following specific components: mood trouble, sleep trouble, pressure of time, work boredom, stress sensation and tiredness at the end of driving. 65% of drivers take a pause after 5 to 6 hours of work. According to the Test of Resistance at the Stress, the taxi driver’s populations are more homogeneous but are less likely to resist stress compared to their non-professionals counterparts. Indeed to work on the professional stress requires a qualitative and quantitative approach phenomenon allowing a more complete vision. This study sheds new light on the understanding of stress at work by using new measurement and evaluation methods such as TRS, with an aim to reduce or to eliminate the number of road accident.展开更多
文摘The success of any perimeter intrusion detection system depends on three important performance parameters： the probability of detection （POD）, the nuisance alarm rate （NAR）, and the false alarm rate （FAR）. The most fundamental parameter, POD, is normally related to a number of factors such as the event of interest, the sensitivity of the sensor, the installation quality of the system, and the reliability of the sensing equipment. The suppression of nuisance alarms without degrading sensitivity in fiber optic intrusion detection systems is key to maintaining acceptable performance. Signal processing algorithms that maintain the POD and eliminate nuisance alarms are crucial for achieving this. In this paper, a robust event classification system using supervised neural networks together with a level crossings （LCs） based feature extraction algorithm is presented for the detection and recognition of intrusion and non-intrusion events in a fence-based fiber-optic intrusion detection system. A level crossings algorithm is also used with a dynamic threshold to suppress torrential rain-induced nuisance alarms in a fence system. Results show that rain-induced nuisance alarms can be suppressed for rainfall rates in excess of 100mm/hr with the simultaneous detection of intrusion events. The use of a level crossing based detection and novel classification algorithm is also presented for a buried pipeline fiber optic intrusion detection system for the suppression of nuisance events and discrimination of intrusion events. The sensor employed for both types of systems is a distributed bidirectional fiber-optic Mach-Zehnder （MZ） interferometer.
文摘The effects of natural andgeochemical factors depending on heavy metal contamination in nuisance dust particles were evaluated. The nuisance dust particles were sampled using passive deposit gauge method for one year from April2010 to March2011 and the obtained samples were measured for the total contents and the contamination levels of Fe, Mn, Cu and As usinggeo-accumulation index （Igeo ）, enrichment factor （EF） and the integrated pollution index （IPI）. The results showed that, the contamination levels of Fe and Mn based on Igeo values, were uncontaminated （Igeo 〈 0） （variations of the Igeo index was from -3.11 to -1.751 for Fe, from -0.630 to -1.925 for Mn）, while the values of Cu and As were demonstrated to have moderate contamination based on Igeo values （variations of Igeo index was from -1.125 to 0.848 for Cu, and from -2.002 to 1.249 for As）. The analysis of EF also revealed minor to moderate enrichment for Mn （1.215-4.214）, minor to moderately severe enrichment for Cu （2.791-6.484）, and As （1.370-8.462）, respectively. The variation of the IPI index also showed low to moderate level of heavy metal pollution in nuisance dust particulates （0.511-1.829）. The analysis of the results also approved that the natural processes andgeochemical variables （the changing meteorological parameters） can significantly affect the availability of heavy metals in nuisance dust particles in Western Iran.
文摘The Heinenoord Tunnel in The Netherlands connects the Hoeksche Waard Island with the city of Rotterdam.The tunnel is 614 m long,consists of two unidirectional tubes(3 lanes each)and has an average daily traffic load of 92,100 vehicles.The tunnel was opened for traffic in 1969.The structure is basically still sound,but a full refurbishment of the installations and systems is required,because they are end of life.A long closure of the tunnel(or even one tube)is not possible,because alternative routes are scarce and require significant extra travel time,not suitable for the high traffic load.Thus,various scenarios were considered to assure the accessibility of the Hoeksche Waard during the works,scheduled for 2023-2024.Multi-criteria analyses were performed for each scenario,taking into account the total project cost,societal cost(due to extra travel time)and the total required time span for the works.Refurbishment through“parallel assembly”proved to be optimal.This concept means that the new installations and systems are installed next to the current ones,that will remain in service until the end phase of the refurbishment.The existing installations and systems are only dismantled after integral testing has shown that the completed new ones work properly.This approach allows most of the works to be carried out during a series of night and weekend closures of just one tube.This limits nuisance,because one driving direction is always left undisturbed,while the closure for the other driving direction takes place in low-traffic periods.This paper describes the applied method to select the optimal refurbishment approach,as well as the(partly unconventional)measures that are implemented to enhance the resilience of the tunnel system to assure as much availability for traffic as possible,also during future maintenance works.
文摘Objective:To determine resistance status of Culex species to different class of insecticides and assess the major anti-mosquito strategies employed by urban households and their possible effects on malaria acquisition.Methods:Structured questionnaires were randomly administered to obtain information on demographic characteristics,measures that people use to prevent mosquito bites and their perception of where mosquitoes breed in their communities.Adult susceptibility assays were also carried out using WHO discriminating dosages of four insecticides from different chemical classes against Culex species.Results:Majority of respondents(54.75%) preferred the use of domestic insecticides in the form of aerosols and coils.Among households that used domestic insecticides,the use of coil was most frequent(62.9%) with a mean(95%CI) of 9.18(8.99,9.37) coils per week.Strong level of pyrethroid-resistance and multiple insecticide resistance in Culex species were also detected in some of the study sites.Conclusions:The excessive use of domestic insecticides and high level of resistance in Culex species observed in the study area has implications for the ITN component of the nation's malaria control program in more subtle ways.People will lose interest in the use of ITN when it fails to protect users from bites of resistant Culex species.Excessive use of domestic insecticides may also select resistance in both malaria vectors and Culex species.On this account we recommend that nuisance mosquitoes must be controlled as part of malaria control programs to improve acceptance and utilization of ITN.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(11401240,11471135)the self-determined research funds of CCNU from the colleges’basic research of MOE(CCNU15A05038,CCNU15ZD011)
文摘We propose the maximin efficiency robust test（MERT） for multiple nuisance parameters based on theories about the maximin efficiency robust test for only one nuisance parameter and investigate some theoretical properties about this robust test.We explore some theoretical properties about the power of the MERT for multiple nuisance parameters in a specified scenario intuitively further more.We also propose a meaningful example from statistical genetic field to which the MERT for multiple nuisance parameters can be well applied.Extensive simulation studies are conducted to testify the robustness of the MERT for multiple nuisance parameters.
文摘We discuss formulas and techniques for finding maximum-likelihood estimators of parameters of autoregressive (with particular emphasis on Markov and Yule) models, computing their asymptotic variance-covariance matrix and displaying the resulting confidence regions;Monte Carlo simulation is then used to establish the accuracy of the corresponding level of confidence. The results indicate that a direct application of the Central Limit Theorem yields errors too large to be acceptable;instead, we recommend using a technique based directly on the natural logarithm of the likelihood function, verifying its substantially higher accuracy. Our study is then extended to the case of estimating only a subset of a model’s parameters, when the remaining ones (called nuisance) are of no interest to us.
文摘This paper describes a study into the development of more robust dust emission factors by means of dust and meteorological monitoring. Emission factors for nuisance dusts in the literature are scarce, with estimates of dust output given for many processes in mass per unit area per year. Temporal variations and the extent and conditions in which maximum concentrations occur can therefore be impossible to predict with any accuracy. This investigation aims to improve predic-tions by “back calculating” emission levels based on dust monitoring around known dust sources. Nuisance dust and meteorological monitoring has been undertaken at a sand and gravel quarry in the UK for a consecutive period of two years. Sticky pad directional dust monitors were used to collect dust at eight locations at and around the site with meteorological data collected at an elec-tronic weather station within the site. Air quality modelling software (ADMS) was used to test emission factors from the European Environment Agency (EEA) and the US Environmental Protec-tion Agency (EPA) for emissions from mineral workings. Predictions were compared with the dust monitoring data to assess accuracy, with results showing limited poor correspondence (r<sup>2</sup> < 0.3). Trends showed that emission predictions were poorest in winter;this is likely because most emis-sion calculations are not weather dependent and seasonal fluctuations will occur. Dust emission rate calculations were altered with respect to the dust monitoring data for one monitoring location on the mineral site boundary and the model was run again. Results were then tested at two different locations up to 200 m from the site boundary, with very positive correlations (r<sup>2</sup > 0.89) and similar maximum concentrations (<5% difference). This study has therefore shown that ac-curate site-specific emission rates can be produced in combination with site boundary sticky pad dust monitoring in order to accurately derive estimations elsewhere.
文摘Consider a distribution with several parameters whose exact values are unknown and need to be estimated using the maximum-likelihood technique. Under a regular case of estimation, it is fairly routine to construct a confidence region for all such parameters, based on the natural logarithm of the corresponding likelihood function. In this article, we investigate the case of doing this for only some of these parameters, assuming that the remaining (so called nuisance) parameters are of no interest to us. This is to be done at a chosen level of confidence, maintaining the usual accuracy of this procedure (resulting in about 1% error for samples of size , and further decreasing with 1/n). We provide a general solution to this problem, demonstrating it by many explicit examples.
文摘For text-independent speaker verification, the Gaussian mixture model （GMM） using a universal background model strategy and the GMM using support vector machines are the two most commonly used methodologies. Recently, a new SVM-based speaker verification method using GMM super vectors has been proposed. This paper describes the construction of a new speaker verification system and investigates the use of nuisance attribute projection and test normalization to further enhance performance. Experiments were conducted on the core test of the 2006 NIST speaker recognition evaluation corpus. The experimental results indicate that an SVM-based speaker verification system using GMM super vectors can achieve appealing performance. With the use of nuisance attribute projection and test normalization, the system performance can be significantly improved, with improvements in the equal error rate from 7.78% to 4.92% and detection cost function from 0.0376 to 0.0251.
文摘The professional stress is a physical and emotional harmful reaction. In fact, it presents a major public health problem in Morocco. Our work is directed to study the differences between the various groups of professional and non-professional drivers in terms of stress reactions, noise nuisance and implication in the production accidents. The present study is transversal descriptive type based on a questionnaire and neuropsychological tests conducted by 60 non-professional drivers and 60 taxi drivers in Kenitra. Two scales evaluated the stress: the Resistance Test of Stress (TRS) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). According to this last scale, 63.5% of the taxi drivers were considered as stressed. These drivers have the following specific components: mood trouble, sleep trouble, pressure of time, work boredom, stress sensation and tiredness at the end of driving. 65% of drivers take a pause after 5 to 6 hours of work. According to the Test of Resistance at the Stress, the taxi driver’s populations are more homogeneous but are less likely to resist stress compared to their non-professionals counterparts. Indeed to work on the professional stress requires a qualitative and quantitative approach phenomenon allowing a more complete vision. This study sheds new light on the understanding of stress at work by using new measurement and evaluation methods such as TRS, with an aim to reduce or to eliminate the number of road accident.
