Neural degeneration and regeneration are important topics in neurological diseases. There are limited options for therapeutic interventions in neurological diseases that provide simultaneous spatial and temporal contr...Neural degeneration and regeneration are important topics in neurological diseases. There are limited options for therapeutic interventions in neurological diseases that provide simultaneous spatial and temporal control of neurons. This drawback increases side effects due to non-specific targeting. Optogenetics is a technology that allows precise spatial and temporal control of cells. Therefore, this technique has high potential as a therapeutic strategy for neurological diseases. Even though the application of optogenetics in understanding brain functional organization and complex behaviour states have been elaborated, reviews of its therapeutic potential especially in neurodegeneration and regeneration are still limited. This short review presents representative work in optogenetics in disease models such as spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, Alzheimer＇s disease and Parkinson＇s disease. It is aimed to provide a broader perspective on optogenetic therapeutic potential in neurodegeneration and neural regeneration.展开更多
Mirror neuron system can be activated by observation and execution of an action.It has an important function of action understanding.We investigated brain activations in humans by observing the strength of a hand gras...Mirror neuron system can be activated by observation and execution of an action.It has an important function of action understanding.We investigated brain activations in humans by observing the strength of a hand grasp using functional magnetic resonance imaging.Twenty right-handed healthy individuals,consisting of 10 males and 10 females,aged 22.40 ± 2.04 years,were recruited into this study from September to November 2017 via posters.Light hand grasp task video showed a hand lightly grasping and releasing a ball repeatedly.Powerful hand grasp task video showed a hand tightly grasping and releasing a ball repeatedly.Functional magnetic resonance imaging block design paradigm comprised five stimulation blocks alternating with five baseline blocks.Stimulation blocks were presented with two stimulus tasks,consisting of a light grasp and a powerful grasp.Region of interest was defined around the inferior parietal lobule,inferior frontal gyrus,and superior temporal sulcus which have been called mirror neuron system.The inferior parietal lobule,fusiform,postcentral,occipital,temporal,and frontal gyri were activated during light and powerful grasp tasks.The BOLD signal response of a powerful grasp was stronger than that of a light grasp.These results suggest that brain activation of the inferior parietal lobule,which is the core brain region of the mirror neuron system,was stronger in the powerful grasp task than in the light grasp task.We believe that our results might be helpful for instructing rehabilitation of brain injury.This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Daegu Oriental Hospital of Daegu Haany University on September 8,2017 (approval No.DHUMC-D-17020-PRO-01).展开更多
A novel pulse stream neuron circuit is presented whose output pulse width facilitates sigmoid activation to activate the function of neurons. The wide symmetrical dynamic range of this neuron ensures high noise immuni...A novel pulse stream neuron circuit is presented whose output pulse width facilitates sigmoid activation to activate the function of neurons. The wide symmetrical dynamic range of this neuron ensures high noise immunity. The pulsed activation strategy provides a power efficient architecture, so the circuit has very low power dissipation. The simplicity of the circuit ensures its suitability for large-scale integration.展开更多
Prolonged activation of adenosine A1 receptor likely leads to damage of dopaminergic neurons and subsequent development of neurodegenerative diseases.However,the pathogenesis underlying long-term adenosine A1 receptor...Prolonged activation of adenosine A1 receptor likely leads to damage of dopaminergic neurons and subsequent development of neurodegenerative diseases.However,the pathogenesis underlying long-term adenosine A1 receptor activation-induced neurodegeneration remains unclear.In this study,rats were intraperitoneally injected with 5 mg/kg of the adenosine A1 receptor agonist N6-cyclopentyladenosine(CPA)for five weeks.The mobility of rats was evaluated by forced swimming test,while their cognitive capabilities were evaluated by Y-maze test.Expression of sortilin,α-synuclein,p-JUN,and c-JUN proteins in the substantia nigra were detected by western blot analysis.In addition,immunofluorescence staining of sortilin andα-synuclein was performed to detect expression in the substantia nigra.The results showed that,compared with adenosine A1 receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine(5 mg/kg)+CPA co-treated rats,motor and memory abilities were reduced,surface expression of sortin andα-synuclein in dopaminergic neurons was reduced,and total sortilin and totalα-synuclein were increased in CPA-treated rats.MN9D cells were incubated with 500 nM CPA alone or in combination with 10μM SP600125(JNK inhibitor)for 48 hours.Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of sortilin andα-synuclein mRNA levels in MN9D cells revealed upregulated sortilin expression in MN9D cells cultured with CPA alone,but the combination of CPA and SP600125 could inhibit this expression.Predictions made using Jasper,PROMO,and Alibaba online databases identified a highly conserved sequence in the sortilin promoter that was predicted to bind JUN in both humans and rodents.A luciferase reporter assay of sortilin promoter plasmid-transfected HEK293T cells confirmed this prediction.After sortilin expression was inhibited by sh-SORT1,expression of p-JUN and c-JUN was detected by western blot analysis.Long-term adenosine A1 receptor activation levels upregulatedα-synuclein expression at the post-transcriptional level by affecting sort展开更多
Multi-Valued Neuron (MVN) was proposed for pattern classification. It operates with complex-valued inputs, outputs, and weights, and its learning algorithm is based on error-correcting rule. The activation function of...Multi-Valued Neuron (MVN) was proposed for pattern classification. It operates with complex-valued inputs, outputs, and weights, and its learning algorithm is based on error-correcting rule. The activation function of MVN is not differentiable. Therefore, we can not apply backpropagation when constructing multilayer structures. In this paper, we propose a new neuron model, MVN-sig, to simulate the mechanism of MVN with differentiable activation function. We expect MVN-sig to achieve higher performance than MVN. We run several classification benchmark datasets to compare the performance of MVN-sig with that of MVN. The experimental results show a good potential to develop a multilayer networks based on MVN-sig.展开更多
基金supported in part by NIH NS059622,NS073636,DOD CDMRP W81XWH-12-1-0562,Merit Review Award I01 BX002356 from the U.SDepartment of Veterans Affairs,Craig H Neilsen Foundation 296749+1 种基金Indiana Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Foundation(ISCBIRF)019919Mari Hulman George Endowment Funds
文摘Neural degeneration and regeneration are important topics in neurological diseases. There are limited options for therapeutic interventions in neurological diseases that provide simultaneous spatial and temporal control of neurons. This drawback increases side effects due to non-specific targeting. Optogenetics is a technology that allows precise spatial and temporal control of cells. Therefore, this technique has high potential as a therapeutic strategy for neurological diseases. Even though the application of optogenetics in understanding brain functional organization and complex behaviour states have been elaborated, reviews of its therapeutic potential especially in neurodegeneration and regeneration are still limited. This short review presents representative work in optogenetics in disease models such as spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, Alzheimer＇s disease and Parkinson＇s disease. It is aimed to provide a broader perspective on optogenetic therapeutic potential in neurodegeneration and neural regeneration.
基金supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education(No.2017R1D1A1B03033985to MYL)+1 种基金the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.2018R1A5A2025272to MYL)
文摘Mirror neuron system can be activated by observation and execution of an action.It has an important function of action understanding.We investigated brain activations in humans by observing the strength of a hand grasp using functional magnetic resonance imaging.Twenty right-handed healthy individuals,consisting of 10 males and 10 females,aged 22.40 ± 2.04 years,were recruited into this study from September to November 2017 via posters.Light hand grasp task video showed a hand lightly grasping and releasing a ball repeatedly.Powerful hand grasp task video showed a hand tightly grasping and releasing a ball repeatedly.Functional magnetic resonance imaging block design paradigm comprised five stimulation blocks alternating with five baseline blocks.Stimulation blocks were presented with two stimulus tasks,consisting of a light grasp and a powerful grasp.Region of interest was defined around the inferior parietal lobule,inferior frontal gyrus,and superior temporal sulcus which have been called mirror neuron system.The inferior parietal lobule,fusiform,postcentral,occipital,temporal,and frontal gyri were activated during light and powerful grasp tasks.The BOLD signal response of a powerful grasp was stronger than that of a light grasp.These results suggest that brain activation of the inferior parietal lobule,which is the core brain region of the mirror neuron system,was stronger in the powerful grasp task than in the light grasp task.We believe that our results might be helpful for instructing rehabilitation of brain injury.This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Daegu Oriental Hospital of Daegu Haany University on September 8,2017 (approval No.DHUMC-D-17020-PRO-01).
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundationof China (No.6963 60 3 0)
文摘A novel pulse stream neuron circuit is presented whose output pulse width facilitates sigmoid activation to activate the function of neurons. The wide symmetrical dynamic range of this neuron ensures high noise immunity. The pulsed activation strategy provides a power efficient architecture, so the circuit has very low power dissipation. The simplicity of the circuit ensures its suitability for large-scale integration.
基金supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China,No.81770460(to YCL)the Postdoctoral Research Fellowship of the Saskatchewan Health Research Foundation,No.SHRF,4144(to YCL)+2 种基金the third level of the Chuanshan Talent project of the University of South China,No.2017CST20(to YCL)the Aid Program,No.2017KJ268 and the Key Lab for Clinical Anatomy&Reproductive Medicine,No.2017KJ182 from the Science and Technology Bureau of Hengyang City,China(to YCL and XC)the Postgraduate Student Research Innovation Projects of Hunan Province,China,No.CX2018B62(to ABG)
文摘Prolonged activation of adenosine A1 receptor likely leads to damage of dopaminergic neurons and subsequent development of neurodegenerative diseases.However,the pathogenesis underlying long-term adenosine A1 receptor activation-induced neurodegeneration remains unclear.In this study,rats were intraperitoneally injected with 5 mg/kg of the adenosine A1 receptor agonist N6-cyclopentyladenosine(CPA)for five weeks.The mobility of rats was evaluated by forced swimming test,while their cognitive capabilities were evaluated by Y-maze test.Expression of sortilin,α-synuclein,p-JUN,and c-JUN proteins in the substantia nigra were detected by western blot analysis.In addition,immunofluorescence staining of sortilin andα-synuclein was performed to detect expression in the substantia nigra.The results showed that,compared with adenosine A1 receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine(5 mg/kg)+CPA co-treated rats,motor and memory abilities were reduced,surface expression of sortin andα-synuclein in dopaminergic neurons was reduced,and total sortilin and totalα-synuclein were increased in CPA-treated rats.MN9D cells were incubated with 500 nM CPA alone or in combination with 10μM SP600125(JNK inhibitor)for 48 hours.Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of sortilin andα-synuclein mRNA levels in MN9D cells revealed upregulated sortilin expression in MN9D cells cultured with CPA alone,but the combination of CPA and SP600125 could inhibit this expression.Predictions made using Jasper,PROMO,and Alibaba online databases identified a highly conserved sequence in the sortilin promoter that was predicted to bind JUN in both humans and rodents.A luciferase reporter assay of sortilin promoter plasmid-transfected HEK293T cells confirmed this prediction.After sortilin expression was inhibited by sh-SORT1,expression of p-JUN and c-JUN was detected by western blot analysis.Long-term adenosine A1 receptor activation levels upregulatedα-synuclein expression at the post-transcriptional level by affecting sort
文摘Multi-Valued Neuron (MVN) was proposed for pattern classification. It operates with complex-valued inputs, outputs, and weights, and its learning algorithm is based on error-correcting rule. The activation function of MVN is not differentiable. Therefore, we can not apply backpropagation when constructing multilayer structures. In this paper, we propose a new neuron model, MVN-sig, to simulate the mechanism of MVN with differentiable activation function. We expect MVN-sig to achieve higher performance than MVN. We run several classification benchmark datasets to compare the performance of MVN-sig with that of MVN. The experimental results show a good potential to develop a multilayer networks based on MVN-sig.
