Thirty per cent of all colorectal tumours develop in the rectum.The location of the rectum within the bony pelvis and its proximity to vital structures presents significant therapeutic challenges when considering neoa...Thirty per cent of all colorectal tumours develop in the rectum.The location of the rectum within the bony pelvis and its proximity to vital structures presents significant therapeutic challenges when considering neoadjuvant options and surgical interventions.Most patients with early rectal cancer can be adequately managed by surgery alone.However,a significant proportion of patients with rectal cancer present with locally advanced disease and will potentially benefit from down staging prior to surgery.Neoadjuvant therapy involves a variety of options including radiotherapy,chemotherapy used alone or in combination.Neoadjuvant radiotherapy in rectal cancer has been shown to be effective in reducing tumour burden in advance of curative surgery.The gold standard surgical rectal cancer management aims to achieve surgical removal of the tumour and all draining lymph nodes,within an intact mesorectal package,in order to minimise local recurrence.It is critically important that all rectal cancer cases are discussed at a multidisciplinary meeting represented by all relevant specialties.Pre-operative staging including CT thorax,abdomen,pelvis to assess for distal disease and magnetic resonance imaging to assess local involvement is essential.Staging radiology and MDT discussion are integral in identifying patients who require neoadjuvant radiotherapy.While Neoadjuvant radiotherapy is potentially beneficial it may also result in morbidity and thus should be reserved for those patients who are at a high risk of local failure,which includes patients with nodal involvement,extramural venous invasion and threatened circumferential margin.The aim of this review is to discuss the role of neoadjuvant radiotherapy in the management of rectal cancer.展开更多
目的观察动态增强磁共振(DCE-MRI)能否在术前判断直肠癌新辅助治疗的疗效,比较常规T2WI与DCE-MRI对直肠癌术前T、N分期的准确性。方法收集术前或术后病理确诊的直肠癌患者40例。其中行术前新辅助治疗者22例,未进行术前新辅助治疗者18例...目的观察动态增强磁共振(DCE-MRI)能否在术前判断直肠癌新辅助治疗的疗效,比较常规T2WI与DCE-MRI对直肠癌术前T、N分期的准确性。方法收集术前或术后病理确诊的直肠癌患者40例。其中行术前新辅助治疗者22例,未进行术前新辅助治疗者18例。所有患者均在GE1.5T Twinspeed HD MR扫描仪行盆腔动态增强扫描。扫描序列包括T2WI压脂、T1WI、DWI,快速三维容积T1加权脂肪抑制成像增强扫描(3DLAVA)。分析动态增强曲线的各项参数在新辅助治疗前后的变化,观察癌灶曲线上升速率。结果①对未进行术前治疗的直肠癌分期的准确性:DCE-MRI与常规T2WI对直肠癌T分期的准确性分别为83.3%和66.7%,对环周切缘阴性判断准确性为88.2%和70.6%。T2WI及DCE-MRI均能发现直径≥2mm的淋巴结。②对新辅助治疗后直肠癌再分期的准确性:DCE-MRI对T、N再分期的准确性可达86.4%和81.8%,对环周切缘情况判断准确性为100%。而T2WI进行T、N再分期较困难。③治疗前癌灶的曲线上升速率明显高于正常肠管;治疗后达病理完全缓解组原癌灶部略低于下段正常肠管,但是差异不明显;治疗后未达病理完全缓解组癌灶部仍高于下段正常肠管。结论DCE-MRI对术前直肠癌分期的准确性高,并能够准确判断新辅助治疗后癌周切缘情况。癌灶与参照肠管的上升速率比较有助于在术前判断疗效。展开更多
BACKGROUND: Following curative treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 50%-90% of postoperative death is due to recurrent disease. Intra-hepatic recurrence is frequently the only site of recurrence. Thus, any ne...BACKGROUND: Following curative treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 50%-90% of postoperative death is due to recurrent disease. Intra-hepatic recurrence is frequently the only site of recurrence. Thus, any neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy, which can decrease or delay the incidence of intra-hepatic recurrence, or any cancer chemoprevention which can prevent a new HCC from developing in the liver remnant, will improve the results of liver resection. This article systematically reviewed the current evidence of neoadjuvant, adjuvant, and chemoprevention in partial hepatectomy of HCC. DATA SOURCES: Studies were identified by searching MEDLINE and PubMed databases for articles from January 1990 to November 2008 using the keywords 'hepatocellular carcinoma', 'hepatectomy', 'adjuvant therapy', 'neoadjuvant therapy', and 'regional therapy'. Additional papers and book chapters were identified by a manual search of the references from the key articles. RESULTS: Neoadjuvant transarterial chemoembolization or adjuvant regional transarterial chemotherapy embolization+systemic chemotherapy did not add benefit. Both adjuvant transarterial radioembolization with (131)I-lipiodol and adjuvant systemic interferon showed promising results. However, there were only a limited number of such studies. CONCLUSIONS: Further randomized controlled studies need to be carried out. Currently, there is no consensus on a standard neoadjuvant/adjuvant/chemoprevention therapy in partial hepatectomy for HCC.展开更多
Liver metastasis is the commonest form of distant metastasis in colorectal cancer.Selection criteria for surgery and liver-directed therapies have recently been extended.However,resectability remains poorly defined.Tu...Liver metastasis is the commonest form of distant metastasis in colorectal cancer.Selection criteria for surgery and liver-directed therapies have recently been extended.However,resectability remains poorly defined.Tumour biology is increasingly recognized as an important prognostic factor;hence molecular profiling has a growing role in risk stratification and management planning.Surgical resection is the only treatment modality for curative intent.The most appropriate surgical approach is yet to be established.The primary cancer and the hepatic metastasis can be removed simultaneously or in a two-step approach;these two strategies have comparable long-term outcomes.For patients with a limited future liver remnant,portal vein embolization,combined ablation and resection,and associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy have been advocated,and each has their pros and cons.The role of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy is still debated.Targeted biological agents and loco-regional therapies(thermal ablation,intra-arterial chemo-or radio-embolization,and stereotactic radiotherapy) further improve the already favourable results.The recent debate about offering liver transplantation to highly selected patients needs validation from large clinical trials.Evidencebased protocols are missing,and therefore optimal management of hepatic metastasis should be personalized and determined by a multi-disciplinary team.展开更多
Over the last 15 years, there have been major advances in the multimodal treatment of gastric cancer, in large part due to several phase Ⅲ studies showing the treatment benefits of neoadjuvant and adjuvantchemotherap...Over the last 15 years, there have been major advances in the multimodal treatment of gastric cancer, in large part due to several phase Ⅲ studies showing the treatment benefits of neoadjuvant and adjuvantchemotherapy and chemoradiation protocols. The objective of this editorial is to review the current highlevel evidence supporting the use of chemotherapy, chemoradiation and anti-HER2 agents in both the neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings, as well as to provide a clinical framework for use of this data based on our own institutional protocol for gastric cancer. Major studies reviewed include the SWOG/INT 0116, Medical Research Council Adjuvant Gastric Infusional Chemotherapy(MAGIC), CLASSIC, ACTS-GC, Adjuvant Chemoradiation Therapy in Stomach Cancer(ARTIST) and Trastuzumab for Gastric Cancer trials. Although these studies have demonstrated that multiple approaches in terms of the timing and therapy for gastric cancer are effective, no standard of care is widely accepted and questions regarding the optimal timing of chemotherapy, the benefit of radiotherapy, the minimum required extent of lymphadenectomy and optimal chemotherapy regimen still exist. Protocols from the upcoming ARTIST Ⅱ, CRITICS, TOPGEAR, Neo-AEGIS and MAGIC-B studies are outlined, and results from these studies will provide critical information regarding optimal timing and treatment regimen. Additionally, the future directions of gastric cancer research predicated on molecular profiling and tailored therapies based on targetable genetic alterations in individual patient's tumors are addressed.展开更多
基金Supported by NBCRI,Symptomatic Breast Unit,University Hospital Galway
文摘Thirty per cent of all colorectal tumours develop in the rectum.The location of the rectum within the bony pelvis and its proximity to vital structures presents significant therapeutic challenges when considering neoadjuvant options and surgical interventions.Most patients with early rectal cancer can be adequately managed by surgery alone.However,a significant proportion of patients with rectal cancer present with locally advanced disease and will potentially benefit from down staging prior to surgery.Neoadjuvant therapy involves a variety of options including radiotherapy,chemotherapy used alone or in combination.Neoadjuvant radiotherapy in rectal cancer has been shown to be effective in reducing tumour burden in advance of curative surgery.The gold standard surgical rectal cancer management aims to achieve surgical removal of the tumour and all draining lymph nodes,within an intact mesorectal package,in order to minimise local recurrence.It is critically important that all rectal cancer cases are discussed at a multidisciplinary meeting represented by all relevant specialties.Pre-operative staging including CT thorax,abdomen,pelvis to assess for distal disease and magnetic resonance imaging to assess local involvement is essential.Staging radiology and MDT discussion are integral in identifying patients who require neoadjuvant radiotherapy.While Neoadjuvant radiotherapy is potentially beneficial it may also result in morbidity and thus should be reserved for those patients who are at a high risk of local failure,which includes patients with nodal involvement,extramural venous invasion and threatened circumferential margin.The aim of this review is to discuss the role of neoadjuvant radiotherapy in the management of rectal cancer.
文摘目的观察动态增强磁共振(DCE-MRI)能否在术前判断直肠癌新辅助治疗的疗效,比较常规T2WI与DCE-MRI对直肠癌术前T、N分期的准确性。方法收集术前或术后病理确诊的直肠癌患者40例。其中行术前新辅助治疗者22例,未进行术前新辅助治疗者18例。所有患者均在GE1.5T Twinspeed HD MR扫描仪行盆腔动态增强扫描。扫描序列包括T2WI压脂、T1WI、DWI,快速三维容积T1加权脂肪抑制成像增强扫描(3DLAVA)。分析动态增强曲线的各项参数在新辅助治疗前后的变化,观察癌灶曲线上升速率。结果①对未进行术前治疗的直肠癌分期的准确性:DCE-MRI与常规T2WI对直肠癌T分期的准确性分别为83.3%和66.7%,对环周切缘阴性判断准确性为88.2%和70.6%。T2WI及DCE-MRI均能发现直径≥2mm的淋巴结。②对新辅助治疗后直肠癌再分期的准确性:DCE-MRI对T、N再分期的准确性可达86.4%和81.8%,对环周切缘情况判断准确性为100%。而T2WI进行T、N再分期较困难。③治疗前癌灶的曲线上升速率明显高于正常肠管;治疗后达病理完全缓解组原癌灶部略低于下段正常肠管,但是差异不明显;治疗后未达病理完全缓解组癌灶部仍高于下段正常肠管。结论DCE-MRI对术前直肠癌分期的准确性高,并能够准确判断新辅助治疗后癌周切缘情况。癌灶与参照肠管的上升速率比较有助于在术前判断疗效。
文摘BACKGROUND: Following curative treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 50%-90% of postoperative death is due to recurrent disease. Intra-hepatic recurrence is frequently the only site of recurrence. Thus, any neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy, which can decrease or delay the incidence of intra-hepatic recurrence, or any cancer chemoprevention which can prevent a new HCC from developing in the liver remnant, will improve the results of liver resection. This article systematically reviewed the current evidence of neoadjuvant, adjuvant, and chemoprevention in partial hepatectomy of HCC. DATA SOURCES: Studies were identified by searching MEDLINE and PubMed databases for articles from January 1990 to November 2008 using the keywords 'hepatocellular carcinoma', 'hepatectomy', 'adjuvant therapy', 'neoadjuvant therapy', and 'regional therapy'. Additional papers and book chapters were identified by a manual search of the references from the key articles. RESULTS: Neoadjuvant transarterial chemoembolization or adjuvant regional transarterial chemotherapy embolization+systemic chemotherapy did not add benefit. Both adjuvant transarterial radioembolization with (131)I-lipiodol and adjuvant systemic interferon showed promising results. However, there were only a limited number of such studies. CONCLUSIONS: Further randomized controlled studies need to be carried out. Currently, there is no consensus on a standard neoadjuvant/adjuvant/chemoprevention therapy in partial hepatectomy for HCC.
文摘Liver metastasis is the commonest form of distant metastasis in colorectal cancer.Selection criteria for surgery and liver-directed therapies have recently been extended.However,resectability remains poorly defined.Tumour biology is increasingly recognized as an important prognostic factor;hence molecular profiling has a growing role in risk stratification and management planning.Surgical resection is the only treatment modality for curative intent.The most appropriate surgical approach is yet to be established.The primary cancer and the hepatic metastasis can be removed simultaneously or in a two-step approach;these two strategies have comparable long-term outcomes.For patients with a limited future liver remnant,portal vein embolization,combined ablation and resection,and associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy have been advocated,and each has their pros and cons.The role of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy is still debated.Targeted biological agents and loco-regional therapies(thermal ablation,intra-arterial chemo-or radio-embolization,and stereotactic radiotherapy) further improve the already favourable results.The recent debate about offering liver transplantation to highly selected patients needs validation from large clinical trials.Evidencebased protocols are missing,and therefore optimal management of hepatic metastasis should be personalized and determined by a multi-disciplinary team.
基金Supported by National Cancer Institute of the NationalInstitutes of Health under award,No.NIH 5K12CA001727-20
文摘Over the last 15 years, there have been major advances in the multimodal treatment of gastric cancer, in large part due to several phase Ⅲ studies showing the treatment benefits of neoadjuvant and adjuvantchemotherapy and chemoradiation protocols. The objective of this editorial is to review the current highlevel evidence supporting the use of chemotherapy, chemoradiation and anti-HER2 agents in both the neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings, as well as to provide a clinical framework for use of this data based on our own institutional protocol for gastric cancer. Major studies reviewed include the SWOG/INT 0116, Medical Research Council Adjuvant Gastric Infusional Chemotherapy(MAGIC), CLASSIC, ACTS-GC, Adjuvant Chemoradiation Therapy in Stomach Cancer(ARTIST) and Trastuzumab for Gastric Cancer trials. Although these studies have demonstrated that multiple approaches in terms of the timing and therapy for gastric cancer are effective, no standard of care is widely accepted and questions regarding the optimal timing of chemotherapy, the benefit of radiotherapy, the minimum required extent of lymphadenectomy and optimal chemotherapy regimen still exist. Protocols from the upcoming ARTIST Ⅱ, CRITICS, TOPGEAR, Neo-AEGIS and MAGIC-B studies are outlined, and results from these studies will provide critical information regarding optimal timing and treatment regimen. Additionally, the future directions of gastric cancer research predicated on molecular profiling and tailored therapies based on targetable genetic alterations in individual patient's tumors are addressed.
