Ice core records from polar regions are of great value to study long-term climate and environmental change. Greenland ice-core records are celebrated for their high resolution and have provided very important knowledg...Ice core records from polar regions are of great value to study long-term climate and environmental change. Greenland ice-core records are celebrated for their high resolution and have provided very important knowledge for understanding the late Quaternary palaeoclimate, especially in reference to millennial-scale abrupt climatic flips during the last glaciation. Recently, a new project to retrieve a deep ice-core from Greenland known as NEEM for North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling, has been launched with the main target being the last interglacial period. The new core will help us understand further details of climate changes during a period of warmth as the present. Antarctic ice cores have a unique advantage in providing recovery of longer time-scale paleclimate information and hence are regarded as a crucial pillar to examine climatic cycles on the time-scale of Earth-orbital phenomena. Since the bottom ice in Dome A is estimated to be older than a million years, a deep drilling there becomes a new focus for ice core studies.展开更多
This study presents a comprehensive physicochemical analysis of neem plant leaf extracts with a focus on their potential applications in pharmaceutical and biomedical contexts. Utilizing the soxhlet extraction method ...This study presents a comprehensive physicochemical analysis of neem plant leaf extracts with a focus on their potential applications in pharmaceutical and biomedical contexts. Utilizing the soxhlet extraction method with n-hexane as the solvent, the study investigated the quantitative and qualitative composition of neem leaf extracts in reference to concentrations. The results revealed a diverse array of compounds, including cyanogenic glycoside, cardiac glycoside, tannin, steroids, phytate, flavone, oxalate, rutin, lunamarin, catechin, spatein, naringin, resveratrol, kaempferol, flavonones, epicatechin, and epihedrine, with notable concentrations. Further analyses indicated shared physicochemical properties, such as carboxyl and hydroxyl groups. Qualitative assessments affirmed the presence of flavonoid and phenolic compounds, while FTIR analysis confirmed the existence of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups. These findings emphasize the potential use of neem leaves as pharmaceutical raw materials due to their antioxidant-rich content. Additionally, the study explored the density, viscosity, saponification value, and foaming power of neem leaf extracts, providing insights into their industrial applicability. GC-MS analyses highlighted the presence of significant chemical compounds, with potential therapeutic implications. Mineral analysis demonstrated essential elements for human and animal nutrition. This study underscores neem plant leaves’ multifaceted potential across pharmaceutical, herbal medicine, cosmetic, and functional food sectors. It lays a solid foundation for further research into the specific health benefits, offering valuable insights for harnessing neem leaves’ potential in innovative products and treatments.展开更多
Azadirachta indica seed samples were collected from four different agro-ecological regions（AERs） viz.,AER-2,AER-4,AER-5A and AER-5B of Gujarat state,India during 2000 to 2002 with an aim to assess variability in aza...Azadirachta indica seed samples were collected from four different agro-ecological regions（AERs） viz.,AER-2,AER-4,AER-5A and AER-5B of Gujarat state,India during 2000 to 2002 with an aim to assess variability in azadirachtin,oil and fatty acids content of the seeds and assess correlation of these parameters with morphological characters.Azadirachtin,oil and fatty acids content indicated significant（p0.01） variations between years and AERs in Gujarat.The azadirachtin ranged from 142 to 9 527 μg·g-1 seed kernel with an average of 2 426 μg·g-1 for the state.AER-5B recorded highest azadirachtin and oil content.Fatty acid composition was found to be affected by environmental factors particularly varying degree of annual rainfall and temperature during fruit ripening period.Conclusively trees growing in AER-5B performed better in term of azadirachtin,oil and stearic acid content.Tree girth at breast height showed no significant relation with these biochemicals.展开更多
Two field experiments were carried out at Akure (7oN, 5o101E) in the rainforest zone of Nigeria in 2006 and 2007 to determine the effectiveness of neem leaf, woodash and modified neem leaf extracts as fertilizer sourc...Two field experiments were carried out at Akure (7oN, 5o101E) in the rainforest zone of Nigeria in 2006 and 2007 to determine the effectiveness of neem leaf, woodash and modified neem leaf extracts as fertilizer sources in improving soil fertility, growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L) and watermelon (Citrulus lanatus) sole and intercrop. There were six treatments namely, poultry manure, neem leaf extract (sole), woodash extract, modified neem leaf (neem leaf + woodash), NPK 15-15-15 and a control (no fertilizer nor extract), replicated three times and arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCB). The extracts (neem leaf, wood ash and modified neem leaf) were applied at 1200 litres per hectare each, NPK 15-15-15 at 300 kg/ha and poultry was applied at 6t/ha. The results showed that there were significant increases (P 2O), K, Ca, Mg, Na, O.M, P and N compared to NPK 15-15-15 and neem leaf extract. For instance, modified neem leaf extract increased soil pH (H2O), K, Ca, Mg, Na, O.M, P and N by 12.4%, 32.8%, 25%, 23.7%, 19.32%, 17.24% and 20% respectively compared to neem leaf extract under intercrop plot. The high soil K/Ca, K/Mg and P/Mg ratios in the NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer treatment led to an imbalance in the supply of P, K, Ca and Mg nutrients to maize and watermelon crops. The least values for growth, yield and soil parameters were recorded under the control treatment. In these experiments, modified neem leaf extract (woodash + neem leaf extracts) applied at 1200 litres/ha was the most effective in improving soil fertility, growth and yield of maize and watermelon (sole and intercrop) and could substitute for 6 tons per hectare of poultry manure and 300kg/ha of NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer.展开更多
Malaria is one of the most important parasitic diseases in the world which is transmitted by the Anopheles mosquitoes. There are several methods for malaria control.One of them is application of repellents on skin in ...Malaria is one of the most important parasitic diseases in the world which is transmitted by the Anopheles mosquitoes. There are several methods for malaria control.One of them is application of repellents on skin in malarious area as an intergrated vectro management measures.This study evaluated two repellents of DMP as a synthtic and locally product of neem oil as a botanical repellent against Anopheles stephensi.The modified method of K & D was used for the tests.Probing/biting rates on the shaved belly of white rabbits were counted. ED50 and ED95 values were calculated by probit statistic software.Calculation of effective dose(ED50, ED90 ) on human volunteer and white rabbit was performed using regression line.Protection and failure time of DMP and neem oil was also determined.ED50 value of DMP and neem oil was determined as 0.0076 and 0. 159 mg/cm respectively on white rabit.The figures of ED90 value of DMP and neem oil was determined as 0. 046 and 1.388 mg/cm^2.DMP and neem oil showed repellency effects against An.stephensi on human volunteers with ED50 value of 0.0037 and 0.127 mg/cm^2 respectively.ED90 value of DMP was determined as 0. 032 mg/cm^2.neem oil exhibited a ED90 value of 1.066 mg/cm^2 on human volunteer.The protection time of 6-7 hours for DMP and 31 minute for neem oil was determined.The failure times for DMP and Neem was 9 hours and 65 minutes rspectively on human bait.Our results exhibited that plant-based repellent is generally less effective than synthetic repellents.However,use of locally made botanical materials would be of great advantages for personal protection against mosquito biting.展开更多
The 9-octadecanoic acid-hexadecanoic acid-tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diyl ester from neem oil was investigated for antibacterial activity against three bacterial strains viz., Staphylococcus aureus ATCC No. 25923, Escherichi...The 9-octadecanoic acid-hexadecanoic acid-tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diyl ester from neem oil was investigated for antibacterial activity against three bacterial strains viz., Staphylococcus aureus ATCC No. 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC No. 44102 and Salmonella sp. ATCC No. 50 041 in vitro. The minimum inhibitory concentration （MIC） and minimum bactericidal concentration （MBC） values of the 9-octadecanoic acid-hexadecanoic acid-tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diyl ester were determined by using the broth microdilution dilution （BMD） method at different concentrations ranging from 20 to 0.625 mg mL-1. Its time-inhibition curve against E. coli was also tested and showed that the MIC values for the bacterial strains S. aureus, E. coli and Salmonella sp. were 20, 5 and 10 mg mL-1, respectively. Its MBC values were 20, 20 and 10 mg mL-1, respectively. The antibacterial activity of 9-octadecanoic acid-hexadecanoic acid-tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diyl ester against three strain tested showed the relationship with time and concentration.展开更多
Objective:To examine the acaricidal effects of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratits leaf extract(lemongrass)and ethanolic Azadirachta indica leaf extract(neem)against house dust mites Dermatophagoides farinae(D.f...Objective:To examine the acaricidal effects of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratits leaf extract(lemongrass)and ethanolic Azadirachta indica leaf extract(neem)against house dust mites Dermatophagoides farinae(D.farinae)and Dermalophagoides pteronyssinus(D.pteronyssinus).Methods:Twenty-five adults mites were placed onto treated filter paper that is soaked with plant extract and been tested at different concentrations(50.00%,25.00%,12.50%,6.25%and 3.13%)and exposure times(24hrs,48hrs,72hrs and 96 hrs).All treatments were replicated 7 times,and the experiment repeated once.The topical and contact activities of the two herbs were investigated.Results:Mortalities from lemongrass extract were higher than neem for both topical and contact activities.At 50%concentration,both 24 hrs topical and contact exposures to lemongrass resulted in more than 91%mortalities for both species of inites.At the same concentration and exposure time,neem resulted in topical mortalities of 40.3%and 15.7%against D.pteronyssinus and D.farinae respectively;contact mortalities were 8.0%and 8.9%against the 2 mites,respectively.There was no difference in topical mortalities of D.pteronyssinus from exposure to concentrations oflemongrass and neem up to 12.50%;lemongrass was more effective than neem at the higher concentrations.Conclusions:Generally,topical mortalities of D.farinae due to lemongrass are higher than that due to neem.Contact mortalities of lemongrass are always higher that neem against both species of mites.展开更多
The establishment of suspension culture system for neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) cells and the suspension culture condition was studied. It shows that the neem cell suspension culture system was best in B5 liquid ...The establishment of suspension culture system for neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) cells and the suspension culture condition was studied. It shows that the neem cell suspension culture system was best in B5 liquid medium, 2.0~4.0mg/L NAA with direct spill method. Based on the integrated analysis of cell biomass, Azadirachtin content and productivity, the optimum culture conditions were B5 liquid medium, 2.0-4.0 mg/L NAA, 3% sucrose at 25 ℃. The optimum rotating speed of the shaker and broth content d...展开更多
<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Background:</span></b><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Traditional medicine h...<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Background:</span></b><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Traditional medicine has employed </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Azadirachta</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">indica</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> to treat a variety of ailments. However, there is little information on the use of this </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">plant in Zambia. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Objective:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> To evaluate the phytochemicals and antibacterial</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> activity of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Azadirachta</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">indica</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> leaf extracts against </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Escherichia</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">coli.</span></i> <b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Materials and Methods:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> This was a laboratory-based experimental study in which ethanol and water were used for extraction by maceration. Phytochemical analysis was then done on the leaf extract. Using the disc diffusion method, varying concentrations of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">A.</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">indica</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> aqueous and ethanolic extracts </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">were used to test the antibacterial activity of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">A.</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">indica</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">against</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Escherichia</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">co</span></i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">li</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The sensitivity of the tested microorganisms to aqueous and ethanoli展开更多
基金Supported by Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX2-SW-354)National Key Technology Research and Development Program (Grant No. 2006BAB18B01)
文摘Ice core records from polar regions are of great value to study long-term climate and environmental change. Greenland ice-core records are celebrated for their high resolution and have provided very important knowledge for understanding the late Quaternary palaeoclimate, especially in reference to millennial-scale abrupt climatic flips during the last glaciation. Recently, a new project to retrieve a deep ice-core from Greenland known as NEEM for North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling, has been launched with the main target being the last interglacial period. The new core will help us understand further details of climate changes during a period of warmth as the present. Antarctic ice cores have a unique advantage in providing recovery of longer time-scale paleclimate information and hence are regarded as a crucial pillar to examine climatic cycles on the time-scale of Earth-orbital phenomena. Since the bottom ice in Dome A is estimated to be older than a million years, a deep drilling there becomes a new focus for ice core studies.
文摘This study presents a comprehensive physicochemical analysis of neem plant leaf extracts with a focus on their potential applications in pharmaceutical and biomedical contexts. Utilizing the soxhlet extraction method with n-hexane as the solvent, the study investigated the quantitative and qualitative composition of neem leaf extracts in reference to concentrations. The results revealed a diverse array of compounds, including cyanogenic glycoside, cardiac glycoside, tannin, steroids, phytate, flavone, oxalate, rutin, lunamarin, catechin, spatein, naringin, resveratrol, kaempferol, flavonones, epicatechin, and epihedrine, with notable concentrations. Further analyses indicated shared physicochemical properties, such as carboxyl and hydroxyl groups. Qualitative assessments affirmed the presence of flavonoid and phenolic compounds, while FTIR analysis confirmed the existence of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups. These findings emphasize the potential use of neem leaves as pharmaceutical raw materials due to their antioxidant-rich content. Additionally, the study explored the density, viscosity, saponification value, and foaming power of neem leaf extracts, providing insights into their industrial applicability. GC-MS analyses highlighted the presence of significant chemical compounds, with potential therapeutic implications. Mineral analysis demonstrated essential elements for human and animal nutrition. This study underscores neem plant leaves’ multifaceted potential across pharmaceutical, herbal medicine, cosmetic, and functional food sectors. It lays a solid foundation for further research into the specific health benefits, offering valuable insights for harnessing neem leaves’ potential in innovative products and treatments.
基金supported by the NOVOD Board, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India
文摘Azadirachta indica seed samples were collected from four different agro-ecological regions（AERs） viz.,AER-2,AER-4,AER-5A and AER-5B of Gujarat state,India during 2000 to 2002 with an aim to assess variability in azadirachtin,oil and fatty acids content of the seeds and assess correlation of these parameters with morphological characters.Azadirachtin,oil and fatty acids content indicated significant（p0.01） variations between years and AERs in Gujarat.The azadirachtin ranged from 142 to 9 527 μg·g-1 seed kernel with an average of 2 426 μg·g-1 for the state.AER-5B recorded highest azadirachtin and oil content.Fatty acid composition was found to be affected by environmental factors particularly varying degree of annual rainfall and temperature during fruit ripening period.Conclusively trees growing in AER-5B performed better in term of azadirachtin,oil and stearic acid content.Tree girth at breast height showed no significant relation with these biochemicals.
文摘Two field experiments were carried out at Akure (7oN, 5o101E) in the rainforest zone of Nigeria in 2006 and 2007 to determine the effectiveness of neem leaf, woodash and modified neem leaf extracts as fertilizer sources in improving soil fertility, growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L) and watermelon (Citrulus lanatus) sole and intercrop. There were six treatments namely, poultry manure, neem leaf extract (sole), woodash extract, modified neem leaf (neem leaf + woodash), NPK 15-15-15 and a control (no fertilizer nor extract), replicated three times and arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCB). The extracts (neem leaf, wood ash and modified neem leaf) were applied at 1200 litres per hectare each, NPK 15-15-15 at 300 kg/ha and poultry was applied at 6t/ha. The results showed that there were significant increases (P 2O), K, Ca, Mg, Na, O.M, P and N compared to NPK 15-15-15 and neem leaf extract. For instance, modified neem leaf extract increased soil pH (H2O), K, Ca, Mg, Na, O.M, P and N by 12.4%, 32.8%, 25%, 23.7%, 19.32%, 17.24% and 20% respectively compared to neem leaf extract under intercrop plot. The high soil K/Ca, K/Mg and P/Mg ratios in the NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer treatment led to an imbalance in the supply of P, K, Ca and Mg nutrients to maize and watermelon crops. The least values for growth, yield and soil parameters were recorded under the control treatment. In these experiments, modified neem leaf extract (woodash + neem leaf extracts) applied at 1200 litres/ha was the most effective in improving soil fertility, growth and yield of maize and watermelon (sole and intercrop) and could substitute for 6 tons per hectare of poultry manure and 300kg/ha of NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer.
文摘Malaria is one of the most important parasitic diseases in the world which is transmitted by the Anopheles mosquitoes. There are several methods for malaria control.One of them is application of repellents on skin in malarious area as an intergrated vectro management measures.This study evaluated two repellents of DMP as a synthtic and locally product of neem oil as a botanical repellent against Anopheles stephensi.The modified method of K & D was used for the tests.Probing/biting rates on the shaved belly of white rabbits were counted. ED50 and ED95 values were calculated by probit statistic software.Calculation of effective dose(ED50, ED90 ) on human volunteer and white rabbit was performed using regression line.Protection and failure time of DMP and neem oil was also determined.ED50 value of DMP and neem oil was determined as 0.0076 and 0. 159 mg/cm respectively on white rabit.The figures of ED90 value of DMP and neem oil was determined as 0. 046 and 1.388 mg/cm^2.DMP and neem oil showed repellency effects against An.stephensi on human volunteers with ED50 value of 0.0037 and 0.127 mg/cm^2 respectively.ED90 value of DMP was determined as 0. 032 mg/cm^2.neem oil exhibited a ED90 value of 1.066 mg/cm^2 on human volunteer.The protection time of 6-7 hours for DMP and 31 minute for neem oil was determined.The failure times for DMP and Neem was 9 hours and 65 minutes rspectively on human bait.Our results exhibited that plant-based repellent is generally less effective than synthetic repellents.However,use of locally made botanical materials would be of great advantages for personal protection against mosquito biting.
基金supported by the program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University,China (PCSIRT0848)Sichuan Agricultural University Youth Fundation,China(2006C18)the State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiologocal Biology,Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute,Chinese Acad-emy of Agricultural Sciences(SKLVEB2009KFKT022)
文摘The 9-octadecanoic acid-hexadecanoic acid-tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diyl ester from neem oil was investigated for antibacterial activity against three bacterial strains viz., Staphylococcus aureus ATCC No. 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC No. 44102 and Salmonella sp. ATCC No. 50 041 in vitro. The minimum inhibitory concentration （MIC） and minimum bactericidal concentration （MBC） values of the 9-octadecanoic acid-hexadecanoic acid-tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diyl ester were determined by using the broth microdilution dilution （BMD） method at different concentrations ranging from 20 to 0.625 mg mL-1. Its time-inhibition curve against E. coli was also tested and showed that the MIC values for the bacterial strains S. aureus, E. coli and Salmonella sp. were 20, 5 and 10 mg mL-1, respectively. Its MBC values were 20, 20 and 10 mg mL-1, respectively. The antibacterial activity of 9-octadecanoic acid-hexadecanoic acid-tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diyl ester against three strain tested showed the relationship with time and concentration.
文摘Objective:To examine the acaricidal effects of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratits leaf extract(lemongrass)and ethanolic Azadirachta indica leaf extract(neem)against house dust mites Dermatophagoides farinae(D.farinae)and Dermalophagoides pteronyssinus(D.pteronyssinus).Methods:Twenty-five adults mites were placed onto treated filter paper that is soaked with plant extract and been tested at different concentrations(50.00%,25.00%,12.50%,6.25%and 3.13%)and exposure times(24hrs,48hrs,72hrs and 96 hrs).All treatments were replicated 7 times,and the experiment repeated once.The topical and contact activities of the two herbs were investigated.Results:Mortalities from lemongrass extract were higher than neem for both topical and contact activities.At 50%concentration,both 24 hrs topical and contact exposures to lemongrass resulted in more than 91%mortalities for both species of inites.At the same concentration and exposure time,neem resulted in topical mortalities of 40.3%and 15.7%against D.pteronyssinus and D.farinae respectively;contact mortalities were 8.0%and 8.9%against the 2 mites,respectively.There was no difference in topical mortalities of D.pteronyssinus from exposure to concentrations oflemongrass and neem up to 12.50%;lemongrass was more effective than neem at the higher concentrations.Conclusions:Generally,topical mortalities of D.farinae due to lemongrass are higher than that due to neem.Contact mortalities of lemongrass are always higher that neem against both species of mites.
文摘The establishment of suspension culture system for neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) cells and the suspension culture condition was studied. It shows that the neem cell suspension culture system was best in B5 liquid medium, 2.0~4.0mg/L NAA with direct spill method. Based on the integrated analysis of cell biomass, Azadirachtin content and productivity, the optimum culture conditions were B5 liquid medium, 2.0-4.0 mg/L NAA, 3% sucrose at 25 ℃. The optimum rotating speed of the shaker and broth content d...
文摘<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Background:</span></b><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Traditional medicine has employed </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Azadirachta</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">indica</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> to treat a variety of ailments. However, there is little information on the use of this </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">plant in Zambia. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Objective:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> To evaluate the phytochemicals and antibacterial</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> activity of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Azadirachta</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">indica</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> leaf extracts against </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Escherichia</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">coli.</span></i> <b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Materials and Methods:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> This was a laboratory-based experimental study in which ethanol and water were used for extraction by maceration. Phytochemical analysis was then done on the leaf extract. Using the disc diffusion method, varying concentrations of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">A.</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">indica</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> aqueous and ethanolic extracts </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">were used to test the antibacterial activity of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">A.</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">indica</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">against</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Escherichia</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">co</span></i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">li</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The sensitivity of the tested microorganisms to aqueous and ethanoli
