BeiDou regional navigation satellite system （BDS） also called BeiDou-2 has been in full operation since December 27, 2012. It consists of 14 satellites, including 5 satellites in Geostationary Orbit （GEO）, 5 satel...BeiDou regional navigation satellite system （BDS） also called BeiDou-2 has been in full operation since December 27, 2012. It consists of 14 satellites, including 5 satellites in Geostationary Orbit （GEO）, 5 satellites in Inclined Geosynchronous Orbit （IGSO）, and 4 satellites in Medium Earth Orbit （MEO）. In this paper, its basic navigation and positioning performance are evaluated preliminarily by the real data collected in Beijing, including satellite visibility, Position Dilution of Precision （PDOP） value, the precision of code and carrier phase measurements, the accuracy of single point positioning and differential position- ing and ambiguity resolution （AR） performance, which are also compared with those of GPS. It is shown that the precision of BDS code and carrier phase measurements are about 33 cm and 2 mm, respectively, which are comparable to those of GPS, and the accuracy of BDS single point positioning has satisfied the design requirement. The real-time kinematic positioning is also feasible by BDS alolae in the opening condition, since its fixed rate and reliability of single-epoch dual-frequency AR is comparable to those of GPS. The accuracy of BDS carrier phase differential positioning is better than 1 cm for a very short baseline of 4.2 m and 3 cm for a short baseline of 8.2 km, which is on the same level with that of GPS. For the combined BDS and GPS, the fixed rate and reliability of single-epoch AR and the positioning accuracy are improved significantly. The accu- racy of BDS/GPS carrier phase differential positioning is about 35 and 20 % better than that of GPS for two short baseline tests in this study. The accuracy of BDS code differential positioning is better than 2.5 m. However it is worse than that of GPS, which may result from large code multipath errors of BDS GEO satellite measurements.展开更多
重复经颅磁刺激(repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,rTMS)治疗专家共识由中国医师协会神经调控专业委员会电休克与神经刺激学组专家团队编写。专家共识根据截至2017年11月发表的临床研究并基于循证医学标准,发布rTMS在临床...重复经颅磁刺激(repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,rTMS)治疗专家共识由中国医师协会神经调控专业委员会电休克与神经刺激学组专家团队编写。专家共识根据截至2017年11月发表的临床研究并基于循证医学标准,发布rTMS在临床中的治疗方案推荐,包括:抑郁症、疼痛、运动障碍、中风、癫痫、耳鸣、焦虑障碍、强迫症、精神分裂症、物质成瘾和睡眠障碍等疾病。专家共识介绍了临床上rTMS治疗的安全性和有效性,并规范了治疗流程和操作技术。旨在为从事rTMS治疗的临床工作人员制定培训和应用的专业标准,最大程度上提高治疗效果,促进该治疗技术未来的发展。展开更多
绿色作物的识别是农业机械视觉系统的重要研究内容之一,该文采用RGB颜色系统,基于统计分析提出了一种绿色作物图像分割方法。从简单物体光照颜色模型方面,分析了RGB颜色空间中作物绿色"恒量"(Gvalue>Rvalue and Gvalue>...绿色作物的识别是农业机械视觉系统的重要研究内容之一,该文采用RGB颜色系统,基于统计分析提出了一种绿色作物图像分割方法。从简单物体光照颜色模型方面,分析了RGB颜色空间中作物绿色"恒量"(Gvalue>Rvalue and Gvalue>Bvalue)的存在性,构建了作物图像分割相对错误率评估模型。并与传统颜色索引方法Excess Green(ExG)+auto-threshold进行了对比分析。试验结果表明,在正常光照条件下:1)采用的算法对田间不同作物-土壤组图像分割的相对错误率均有显著影响;其中,相对ExG+auto-threshold算法,采用RGB算法的结果图像中大多能保留油菜、大豆和甘蔗的形态学特征;2)采用的算法、光照变化以及算法与光照变化的交互作用均对室外美人蕉图像分割的相对错误率有显著影响;其中,相对ExG+auto-threshold算法,采用RGB算法的结果图像中大多能去除背景噪声。单因子方差分析进一步表明,光照变化对采用ExG+auto-threshold算法分割图像的阈值有显著影响。该文提出的RGB算法相对传统的ExG+auto-threshold绿色索引,对于早期生长的绿色作物是一种有效、简单的图像分割方法,对作物-土壤、光照变化不敏感。展开更多
This paper presents the rigorous study of mobile robot navigation techniques used so far.The step by step investigations of classical and reactive approaches are made here to understand the development of path plannin...This paper presents the rigorous study of mobile robot navigation techniques used so far.The step by step investigations of classical and reactive approaches are made here to understand the development of path planning strategies in various environmental conditions and to identify research gap.The classical approaches such as cell decomposition(CD),roadmap approach(RA),artificial potential field(APF);reactive approaches such as genetic algorithm(GA),fuzzy logic(FL),neural network(NN),firefly algorithm(FA),particle swarm optimization(PSO),ant colony optimization(ACO),bacterial foraging optimization(BFO),artificial bee colony(ABC),cuckoo search(CS),shuffled frog leaping algorithm(SFLA)and other miscellaneous algorithms(OMA)are considered for study.The navigation over static and dynamic condition is analyzed(for single and multiple robot systems)and it has been observed that the reactive approaches are more robust and perform well in all terrain when compared to classical approaches.It is also observed that the reactive approaches are used to improve the performance of the classical approaches as a hybrid algorithm.Hence,reactive approaches are more popular and widely used for path planning of mobile robot.The paper concludes with tabular data and charts comparing the frequency of individual navigational strategies which can be used for specific application in robotics.展开更多
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41020144004,41374019,41104022)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2013AA122501)
文摘BeiDou regional navigation satellite system （BDS） also called BeiDou-2 has been in full operation since December 27, 2012. It consists of 14 satellites, including 5 satellites in Geostationary Orbit （GEO）, 5 satellites in Inclined Geosynchronous Orbit （IGSO）, and 4 satellites in Medium Earth Orbit （MEO）. In this paper, its basic navigation and positioning performance are evaluated preliminarily by the real data collected in Beijing, including satellite visibility, Position Dilution of Precision （PDOP） value, the precision of code and carrier phase measurements, the accuracy of single point positioning and differential position- ing and ambiguity resolution （AR） performance, which are also compared with those of GPS. It is shown that the precision of BDS code and carrier phase measurements are about 33 cm and 2 mm, respectively, which are comparable to those of GPS, and the accuracy of BDS single point positioning has satisfied the design requirement. The real-time kinematic positioning is also feasible by BDS alolae in the opening condition, since its fixed rate and reliability of single-epoch dual-frequency AR is comparable to those of GPS. The accuracy of BDS carrier phase differential positioning is better than 1 cm for a very short baseline of 4.2 m and 3 cm for a short baseline of 8.2 km, which is on the same level with that of GPS. For the combined BDS and GPS, the fixed rate and reliability of single-epoch AR and the positioning accuracy are improved significantly. The accu- racy of BDS/GPS carrier phase differential positioning is about 35 and 20 % better than that of GPS for two short baseline tests in this study. The accuracy of BDS code differential positioning is better than 2.5 m. However it is worse than that of GPS, which may result from large code multipath errors of BDS GEO satellite measurements.
文摘重复经颅磁刺激(repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,rTMS)治疗专家共识由中国医师协会神经调控专业委员会电休克与神经刺激学组专家团队编写。专家共识根据截至2017年11月发表的临床研究并基于循证医学标准,发布rTMS在临床中的治疗方案推荐,包括:抑郁症、疼痛、运动障碍、中风、癫痫、耳鸣、焦虑障碍、强迫症、精神分裂症、物质成瘾和睡眠障碍等疾病。专家共识介绍了临床上rTMS治疗的安全性和有效性,并规范了治疗流程和操作技术。旨在为从事rTMS治疗的临床工作人员制定培训和应用的专业标准,最大程度上提高治疗效果,促进该治疗技术未来的发展。
文摘绿色作物的识别是农业机械视觉系统的重要研究内容之一,该文采用RGB颜色系统,基于统计分析提出了一种绿色作物图像分割方法。从简单物体光照颜色模型方面,分析了RGB颜色空间中作物绿色"恒量"(Gvalue>Rvalue and Gvalue>Bvalue)的存在性,构建了作物图像分割相对错误率评估模型。并与传统颜色索引方法Excess Green(ExG)+auto-threshold进行了对比分析。试验结果表明,在正常光照条件下:1)采用的算法对田间不同作物-土壤组图像分割的相对错误率均有显著影响;其中,相对ExG+auto-threshold算法,采用RGB算法的结果图像中大多能保留油菜、大豆和甘蔗的形态学特征;2)采用的算法、光照变化以及算法与光照变化的交互作用均对室外美人蕉图像分割的相对错误率有显著影响;其中,相对ExG+auto-threshold算法,采用RGB算法的结果图像中大多能去除背景噪声。单因子方差分析进一步表明,光照变化对采用ExG+auto-threshold算法分割图像的阈值有显著影响。该文提出的RGB算法相对传统的ExG+auto-threshold绿色索引,对于早期生长的绿色作物是一种有效、简单的图像分割方法,对作物-土壤、光照变化不敏感。
文摘This paper presents the rigorous study of mobile robot navigation techniques used so far.The step by step investigations of classical and reactive approaches are made here to understand the development of path planning strategies in various environmental conditions and to identify research gap.The classical approaches such as cell decomposition(CD),roadmap approach(RA),artificial potential field(APF);reactive approaches such as genetic algorithm(GA),fuzzy logic(FL),neural network(NN),firefly algorithm(FA),particle swarm optimization(PSO),ant colony optimization(ACO),bacterial foraging optimization(BFO),artificial bee colony(ABC),cuckoo search(CS),shuffled frog leaping algorithm(SFLA)and other miscellaneous algorithms(OMA)are considered for study.The navigation over static and dynamic condition is analyzed(for single and multiple robot systems)and it has been observed that the reactive approaches are more robust and perform well in all terrain when compared to classical approaches.It is also observed that the reactive approaches are used to improve the performance of the classical approaches as a hybrid algorithm.Hence,reactive approaches are more popular and widely used for path planning of mobile robot.The paper concludes with tabular data and charts comparing the frequency of individual navigational strategies which can be used for specific application in robotics.
