被子植物是现存高等植物最为繁盛的类群,约30万种,是陆地植被的主要组成成分。搞清科、属和种的数量和范畴对认识全球和区域生物多样性有重要价值。分子系统学的快速发展,使很多被子植物的科和属的范畴发生了变化。本文结合APGⅢ系统和...被子植物是现存高等植物最为繁盛的类群,约30万种,是陆地植被的主要组成成分。搞清科、属和种的数量和范畴对认识全球和区域生物多样性有重要价值。分子系统学的快速发展,使很多被子植物的科和属的范畴发生了变化。本文结合APGⅢ系统和一些新的系统发育研究动态,对中国原产和引入的被子植物科属名单进行了整理,确认被子植物在中国原产258科,引入55科(其中6科归化),中国原产2,872属,引入1,605属(含归化152属),并简要介绍了中国被子植物科属范畴的历史沿革和新变化。新的名录与《中国植物志》相比,新增115科1,729属,与Flora of China相比,新增85科1,531属。展开更多
During land transformation process in the human history, naturalized plants were introduced to several land use patterns by the different ways of plant itself. Including some naturalized plants that had been contribut...During land transformation process in the human history, naturalized plants were introduced to several land use patterns by the different ways of plant itself. Including some naturalized plants that had been contribute to land restoration, many naturalized plants have been invaded to original habitat or landscape for native plants. Once the plants were colonized, they extend their area and population size. Urban developed areas often give an important role of source habitat for naturalized plants and expanding their population size. In recent, this situation is appearing as one of environmental problems about the urban landscape management controlling the naturalized plants that invaded in the developed area and conserving the native vegetation. This paper is focusing on relationships between distribution of habitat of naturalized plants and landscape patch in urban area in Seoul. Gangdong-Gu, one of the administrative areas in Seoul was selected for this study. We examined the recent land use change using LANDSAT TM data and spreading of the representative naturalized plants (Robinia pseudoacacia and Eupatorium rugosum) by Seoul Biotope Mapping Project and field survey in 1999. As a result, these two species were often occurred in the same habitat and distributed in forest edge disturbed by man. Their distribution patterns were related to landscape indices (patch size and shape) in the forest edge.展开更多
Invasive species may pose significant threats to biodiversity and ecosystem structure and functioning.The number of introduced species that have become invasive is substantial and is rapidly increasing.Identifying pot...Invasive species may pose significant threats to biodiversity and ecosystem structure and functioning.The number of introduced species that have become invasive is substantial and is rapidly increasing.Identifying potentially invasive species and preventing their expansion are of critical importance in invasion ecology.Phylogenetic relatedness between invasive and native species has been used in predicting invasion success.Previous studies on the phylogenetic relatedness of plants at the transition from naturalization to invasion have shown mixed results,which may be because different methods were used in different studies.Here,I use the same method to analyze two comprehensive data sets from South Africa and China,using two phylogenetic metrics reflecting deep and shallow evolutionary histories,to address the question whether the probability of becoming invasive is higher for naturalized species distantly related to the native flora.My study suggests that the probability of becoming invasive is higher for naturalized species closely related to the native flora.The finding of my study is consistent with Darwin's preadaptation hypothesis.展开更多
Magnolia obovata, a tree species native to Japan, is a traditional landscaping tree that has also been introduced to various countries. M. obovata individuals have recently emerged in non-planting areas in Korea, prom...Magnolia obovata, a tree species native to Japan, is a traditional landscaping tree that has also been introduced to various countries. M. obovata individuals have recently emerged in non-planting areas in Korea, prompting us to investigate its distribution by establishing Dosolsan in an urban forest of Daejeon City as the target site. In order to determine its naturalization, the study explored the status of population growth by examining the diameter at breast height of the individuals, and diameter diminution quotient was calculated. Cores of the trees were collected, and the age distribution was estimated by regression analysis. Reproduction possibility was analyzed by verifying the flowerblooming and fruit-bearing. Spontaneous colonization was investigated in the other potential sites which have different location and environment, respectively.The diameter distribution showed a reverse J-shaped curve, and the diminution quotient was ≥ 1.8. The population was composed of different generations,thus confirming the growth of the population. The distributed M. obovata grew and flowered normally,and followed a normal life cycle. The same phenomenon was observed in other planting areas,residual forests in urban or rural areas, alluvial islands, and mountain forests. The continuous spread of M. obovata in new ecosystems may be attributable to its long-term distribution by birds, relatively fast growth, and maturity time. Investigations on the naturalization and spread of M. obovata in Korea, as well as in various countries, are warranted.展开更多
In the first part of this paper, different perspectives of time proposed in Aristotle＇s philosophy of nature, classic mechanics, thermodynamics, and the theory of relativity, will be presented. Later on, we explore t...In the first part of this paper, different perspectives of time proposed in Aristotle＇s philosophy of nature, classic mechanics, thermodynamics, and the theory of relativity, will be presented. Later on, we explore the phenomenological approach of duration by Henri Bergson and Mauro Dorato＇s naturalistic proposal, which defines the ＂present＂ moment based on neuroscientific experiments. In the second part of the paper, the topic of scientific creativity is introduced, paying particular attention to David Bohm＇s ideas. Finally, the previously analysed perspectives are used to answer the following question： How do physicists create time？展开更多
Aims Within a habitat of multiple plant species,increased resource availabilities and altered species abundances following disturbances create opportunities for exotic species to successfully establish and subsequentl...Aims Within a habitat of multiple plant species,increased resource availabilities and altered species abundances following disturbances create opportunities for exotic species to successfully establish and subsequently naturalize into its non-native environment.Such post-disturbance changes in abiotic and biotic environments may also promote a naturalized exotic species(or invading species)to become invasive through rapid colonization of the habitat sites by reducing the extent and size of resident plant species.By combining species life history traits with that of the disturbance-induced changes in habitat characteristics,we aimed to determine those interacting factors and associated mechanism allowing an exotic invasion to start off.Methods We used a modified version of the classic competition–colonization(CC)model which was formulated first by Hastings(1980)and studied later by Tilman(1994)to explain spatial coexistence of multiple species.Within this model framework,recruitment-limited spatial competition has explicitly been linked with interspecific resource competition without altering the basic assumptions and structure of the original CC model.Important findings The model results showed that at a constant rate of resource supply,invading species can stably coexist with native species via trade-offs between species competitive ability and colonizing ability.On the other hand,the model predicted that with a fluctuating resource condition,invading species can successfully invade a habitat following continuous reductions in the size and extent of native species.Whether or not invading species holds competitive superiority over the native species for limiting resource,we showed that there exists a range of variation in available resource that allows an exotic invasion to start off in post-disturbance habitat.The associated disturbance-induced mechanism promoting invading species to become invasive has been identified.It states that occurrences of disturbances such as fire or clear-cutting influence variation展开更多
Knowledge of the environment is essential for the survival of organisms; but those organisms have to have the capacity to stabilize such knowledge. The aim of this article is to analyze the various strategies for stab...Knowledge of the environment is essential for the survival of organisms; but those organisms have to have the capacity to stabilize such knowledge. The aim of this article is to analyze the various strategies for stabilizing human knowledge, with a special focus on its material anchors and their interactions with other stabilization means. In particular, I consider how such stabilization is reflected in scientific activity and practice, and what its repercussions are for the models of science that have dominated the philosophical landscape of the 20th century. My starting hypothesis will be that the role of material anchors in stabilizing conceptual blends is analogous to that of technology in grounding scientific knowledge. The framework I adopt with regard to conceptualization is that of Fauconnier and Turner （2002） on conceptual blends. Just as technology intervenes in scientific practice in conjunction with conceptual elements, so do material anchors, which conjoin other non-material strategies of knowledge stabilization. Endowing knowledge with a material basis may be understood firstly as an element （sometimes a key element） for representing knowledge and offering an explanation, and secondly as a way of providing a scientific hypothesis with empirical grounding. It is this second sense that connects with scientific experimentation and the use of instruments and technology.展开更多
文摘被子植物是现存高等植物最为繁盛的类群,约30万种,是陆地植被的主要组成成分。搞清科、属和种的数量和范畴对认识全球和区域生物多样性有重要价值。分子系统学的快速发展,使很多被子植物的科和属的范畴发生了变化。本文结合APGⅢ系统和一些新的系统发育研究动态,对中国原产和引入的被子植物科属名单进行了整理,确认被子植物在中国原产258科,引入55科(其中6科归化),中国原产2,872属,引入1,605属(含归化152属),并简要介绍了中国被子植物科属范畴的历史沿革和新变化。新的名录与《中国植物志》相比,新增115科1,729属,与Flora of China相比,新增85科1,531属。
文摘During land transformation process in the human history, naturalized plants were introduced to several land use patterns by the different ways of plant itself. Including some naturalized plants that had been contribute to land restoration, many naturalized plants have been invaded to original habitat or landscape for native plants. Once the plants were colonized, they extend their area and population size. Urban developed areas often give an important role of source habitat for naturalized plants and expanding their population size. In recent, this situation is appearing as one of environmental problems about the urban landscape management controlling the naturalized plants that invaded in the developed area and conserving the native vegetation. This paper is focusing on relationships between distribution of habitat of naturalized plants and landscape patch in urban area in Seoul. Gangdong-Gu, one of the administrative areas in Seoul was selected for this study. We examined the recent land use change using LANDSAT TM data and spreading of the representative naturalized plants (Robinia pseudoacacia and Eupatorium rugosum) by Seoul Biotope Mapping Project and field survey in 1999. As a result, these two species were often occurred in the same habitat and distributed in forest edge disturbed by man. Their distribution patterns were related to landscape indices (patch size and shape) in the forest edge.
文摘Invasive species may pose significant threats to biodiversity and ecosystem structure and functioning.The number of introduced species that have become invasive is substantial and is rapidly increasing.Identifying potentially invasive species and preventing their expansion are of critical importance in invasion ecology.Phylogenetic relatedness between invasive and native species has been used in predicting invasion success.Previous studies on the phylogenetic relatedness of plants at the transition from naturalization to invasion have shown mixed results,which may be because different methods were used in different studies.Here,I use the same method to analyze two comprehensive data sets from South Africa and China,using two phylogenetic metrics reflecting deep and shallow evolutionary histories,to address the question whether the probability of becoming invasive is higher for naturalized species distantly related to the native flora.My study suggests that the probability of becoming invasive is higher for naturalized species closely related to the native flora.The finding of my study is consistent with Darwin's preadaptation hypothesis.
基金supported by Ecosystem Service Institute of Dongguk University, Seoul, Korea
文摘Magnolia obovata, a tree species native to Japan, is a traditional landscaping tree that has also been introduced to various countries. M. obovata individuals have recently emerged in non-planting areas in Korea, prompting us to investigate its distribution by establishing Dosolsan in an urban forest of Daejeon City as the target site. In order to determine its naturalization, the study explored the status of population growth by examining the diameter at breast height of the individuals, and diameter diminution quotient was calculated. Cores of the trees were collected, and the age distribution was estimated by regression analysis. Reproduction possibility was analyzed by verifying the flowerblooming and fruit-bearing. Spontaneous colonization was investigated in the other potential sites which have different location and environment, respectively.The diameter distribution showed a reverse J-shaped curve, and the diminution quotient was ≥ 1.8. The population was composed of different generations,thus confirming the growth of the population. The distributed M. obovata grew and flowered normally,and followed a normal life cycle. The same phenomenon was observed in other planting areas,residual forests in urban or rural areas, alluvial islands, and mountain forests. The continuous spread of M. obovata in new ecosystems may be attributable to its long-term distribution by birds, relatively fast growth, and maturity time. Investigations on the naturalization and spread of M. obovata in Korea, as well as in various countries, are warranted.
文摘In the first part of this paper, different perspectives of time proposed in Aristotle＇s philosophy of nature, classic mechanics, thermodynamics, and the theory of relativity, will be presented. Later on, we explore the phenomenological approach of duration by Henri Bergson and Mauro Dorato＇s naturalistic proposal, which defines the ＂present＂ moment based on neuroscientific experiments. In the second part of the paper, the topic of scientific creativity is introduced, paying particular attention to David Bohm＇s ideas. Finally, the previously analysed perspectives are used to answer the following question： How do physicists create time？
基金US National Science Foundation’s Biocomplexity Program(DEB-0421530)Long Term Ecological Research Program(Sevilleta)(DEB-0620482)and the University of California Agricultural Experiment Station。
文摘Aims Within a habitat of multiple plant species,increased resource availabilities and altered species abundances following disturbances create opportunities for exotic species to successfully establish and subsequently naturalize into its non-native environment.Such post-disturbance changes in abiotic and biotic environments may also promote a naturalized exotic species(or invading species)to become invasive through rapid colonization of the habitat sites by reducing the extent and size of resident plant species.By combining species life history traits with that of the disturbance-induced changes in habitat characteristics,we aimed to determine those interacting factors and associated mechanism allowing an exotic invasion to start off.Methods We used a modified version of the classic competition–colonization(CC)model which was formulated first by Hastings(1980)and studied later by Tilman(1994)to explain spatial coexistence of multiple species.Within this model framework,recruitment-limited spatial competition has explicitly been linked with interspecific resource competition without altering the basic assumptions and structure of the original CC model.Important findings The model results showed that at a constant rate of resource supply,invading species can stably coexist with native species via trade-offs between species competitive ability and colonizing ability.On the other hand,the model predicted that with a fluctuating resource condition,invading species can successfully invade a habitat following continuous reductions in the size and extent of native species.Whether or not invading species holds competitive superiority over the native species for limiting resource,we showed that there exists a range of variation in available resource that allows an exotic invasion to start off in post-disturbance habitat.The associated disturbance-induced mechanism promoting invading species to become invasive has been identified.It states that occurrences of disturbances such as fire or clear-cutting influence variation
文摘Knowledge of the environment is essential for the survival of organisms; but those organisms have to have the capacity to stabilize such knowledge. The aim of this article is to analyze the various strategies for stabilizing human knowledge, with a special focus on its material anchors and their interactions with other stabilization means. In particular, I consider how such stabilization is reflected in scientific activity and practice, and what its repercussions are for the models of science that have dominated the philosophical landscape of the 20th century. My starting hypothesis will be that the role of material anchors in stabilizing conceptual blends is analogous to that of technology in grounding scientific knowledge. The framework I adopt with regard to conceptualization is that of Fauconnier and Turner （2002） on conceptual blends. Just as technology intervenes in scientific practice in conjunction with conceptual elements, so do material anchors, which conjoin other non-material strategies of knowledge stabilization. Endowing knowledge with a material basis may be understood firstly as an element （sometimes a key element） for representing knowledge and offering an explanation, and secondly as a way of providing a scientific hypothesis with empirical grounding. It is this second sense that connects with scientific experimentation and the use of instruments and technology.
