【目的】针对稻田氮磷钾肥施用不合理引起环境问题较为严重的现象,从粮食高产高效和环境效益的角度分析稻田化肥的合理施用与管理策略。【方法】选用测土配方施肥项目2005—2010年在湖南省间布置的735个早、中、晚稻肥料田间试验,选取...【目的】针对稻田氮磷钾肥施用不合理引起环境问题较为严重的现象,从粮食高产高效和环境效益的角度分析稻田化肥的合理施用与管理策略。【方法】选用测土配方施肥项目2005—2010年在湖南省间布置的735个早、中、晚稻肥料田间试验,选取不施肥(CK)、农民习惯施肥(FP)和优化施肥(OPT)3个处理,对比分析了早、中、晚稻OPT较FP处理的增产效果与氮、磷、钾肥偏生产力的优势;通过筛选OPT处理产量或/和氮肥偏生产力前25%的试验点,建立高产、高效和高产高效3种方案,结合氮肥用量与氮素损失(N2O的排放、N的径流与淋失、NH3挥发)之间的经验模型,评估稻田节氮减排潜力;通过计算早、中、晚稻磷素表观平衡,分析稻田磷素残留状况;并引入湖南省早、中、晚稻种植面积,估算区域稻田氮、磷的环境效益。【结果】多年多点田间试验研究表明,与CK处理相比,FP和OPT处理分别可增产41.9%和52.0%(早、中、晚稻的平均值);与FP处理相比,OPT处理早、中、晚稻可增产7.0%—8.3%,氮、磷肥偏生产力分别提高16.8%—19.6%和5.5%—37.3%,而OPT处理钾肥用量的提高对钾肥偏生产力的负效应较小(早、中、晚稻平均降幅为6.4%)。节氮减排评估结果表明,高产组产量高而氮肥用量相对较高,高效组氮肥偏生产力高而产量相对较低,用高产高效组表征产量和氮肥偏生产力的潜力更可靠;高产高效组早、中、晚稻每年可节省氮肥用量共81 kg·hm^(-2)(其中晚稻最多,为32 kg N·hm^(-2)),减少氮素损失15.5 kg N·hm^(-2),温室气体N2O减排约20%。湖南省稻田节氮总潜力为12.5×10~4 t,减少氮素损失2.35×10~4 t,主要对象为早稻和晚稻。优化施肥可提水稻的磷素总吸收量,早、中、晚稻从FP处理的59—66 kg P2O5·hm^(-2)增加到OPT处理的63—71 kg P2O5·hm^(-2)。磷肥用量与水稻磷素吸收量之间的关系显示,两者并不能达到显著的正向相关�展开更多
[Objective]The paper was to study optimum chemical agents and control periods against rice false smut( Ustilaginoidea virens) in single cropping middle-late rice. [Method]Taking chemical agents( triadimefon,armure,Jin...[Objective]The paper was to study optimum chemical agents and control periods against rice false smut( Ustilaginoidea virens) in single cropping middle-late rice. [Method]Taking chemical agents( triadimefon,armure,Jinggangmycin) as main treatments and spraying periods( within 7 d before initial heading stage,within 7 d before initial heading stage + initial heading stage,initial heading stage) as assisted treatments,the field efficacy trial and optimum control period of U. virens in single cropping middle-late rice were studied using Huanghuazhan and Jinnongsimiao as experimental materials in 2013. [Result] Three chemical agents,triadimefon,armure,Jinggangmycin,extremely reduced diseased panicle rate and disease index of U. virens,but there was no significant difference among three chemical agents. Spraying period did not have significant impact on diseased panicle rate and disease index of U. virens,whereas spraying within7 d before initial heading stage and during initial heading stage had relatively good control effect. Yield increased significantly after application of three chemical agents,and armure led to greater increase. The reason for yield increase was that seed setting rate was significantly increased,and the number of filled grains per panicle was significantly increased. Although spraying period influenced yield,the difference was not significant. [Conclusion] Triadimefon,armure and Jinggangmycin had good control effects against U. virens in single cropping middle-late rice,of which armure had better control effects. Spraying chemical agents increased seed setting rate,and further increased the number of filled grains per panicle and yield. Spraying within 7 d before initial heading stage and during initial heading stage had relatively better control effect against U. virens.展开更多
Chemical weeding in dry direct seeding fields of single cropping middle-late rice was studied in Huida vegetable farm of Huizhou City in 2012. The main treatment was herbicide（ pretilachlor ＋ bensulfuron-methyl,Yang...Chemical weeding in dry direct seeding fields of single cropping middle-late rice was studied in Huida vegetable farm of Huizhou City in 2012. The main treatment was herbicide（ pretilachlor ＋ bensulfuron-methyl,Yangguo and butachlor）,and the sub-treatment was application method（ soil treatments,seedling treatment and integrated treatment）. The results showed that 80 g pretilachlor ＋ bensulfuron-methyl（ 36% pretilachlor ＋ 4% bensulfuron-methyl） diluted with 50 kg water could be sprayed or 200 g Yangguo（ 23. 9% butachlor ＋ 1. 1% bensulfuron-methyl） mixed with 15 kg sandy soil could be broadcasted per 667 m2 on the sowing day or the second day under moist condition of soil,which could effectively control weeds in dry direct seeding fields of single cropping middle-late rice.展开更多
文摘【目的】针对稻田氮磷钾肥施用不合理引起环境问题较为严重的现象,从粮食高产高效和环境效益的角度分析稻田化肥的合理施用与管理策略。【方法】选用测土配方施肥项目2005—2010年在湖南省间布置的735个早、中、晚稻肥料田间试验,选取不施肥(CK)、农民习惯施肥(FP)和优化施肥(OPT)3个处理,对比分析了早、中、晚稻OPT较FP处理的增产效果与氮、磷、钾肥偏生产力的优势;通过筛选OPT处理产量或/和氮肥偏生产力前25%的试验点,建立高产、高效和高产高效3种方案,结合氮肥用量与氮素损失(N2O的排放、N的径流与淋失、NH3挥发)之间的经验模型,评估稻田节氮减排潜力;通过计算早、中、晚稻磷素表观平衡,分析稻田磷素残留状况;并引入湖南省早、中、晚稻种植面积,估算区域稻田氮、磷的环境效益。【结果】多年多点田间试验研究表明,与CK处理相比,FP和OPT处理分别可增产41.9%和52.0%(早、中、晚稻的平均值);与FP处理相比,OPT处理早、中、晚稻可增产7.0%—8.3%,氮、磷肥偏生产力分别提高16.8%—19.6%和5.5%—37.3%,而OPT处理钾肥用量的提高对钾肥偏生产力的负效应较小(早、中、晚稻平均降幅为6.4%)。节氮减排评估结果表明,高产组产量高而氮肥用量相对较高,高效组氮肥偏生产力高而产量相对较低,用高产高效组表征产量和氮肥偏生产力的潜力更可靠;高产高效组早、中、晚稻每年可节省氮肥用量共81 kg·hm^(-2)(其中晚稻最多,为32 kg N·hm^(-2)),减少氮素损失15.5 kg N·hm^(-2),温室气体N2O减排约20%。湖南省稻田节氮总潜力为12.5×10~4 t,减少氮素损失2.35×10~4 t,主要对象为早稻和晚稻。优化施肥可提水稻的磷素总吸收量,早、中、晚稻从FP处理的59—66 kg P2O5·hm^(-2)增加到OPT处理的63—71 kg P2O5·hm^(-2)。磷肥用量与水稻磷素吸收量之间的关系显示,两者并不能达到显著的正向相关�
基金Supported by National Science and Technology Support Program(2007BAD89B14)Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(00803028)+3 种基金Major Technical Research Project of Ministry of Agriculture for Agricultural Structure Adjustment(06-03-07B)Project of Guangdong Provincial Finance Department(YCY[2005]No.11,YCJ[2006]No.187)Agricultural Research Project of Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Department(2005B20101001)Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(201103001)
文摘[Objective]The paper was to study optimum chemical agents and control periods against rice false smut( Ustilaginoidea virens) in single cropping middle-late rice. [Method]Taking chemical agents( triadimefon,armure,Jinggangmycin) as main treatments and spraying periods( within 7 d before initial heading stage,within 7 d before initial heading stage + initial heading stage,initial heading stage) as assisted treatments,the field efficacy trial and optimum control period of U. virens in single cropping middle-late rice were studied using Huanghuazhan and Jinnongsimiao as experimental materials in 2013. [Result] Three chemical agents,triadimefon,armure,Jinggangmycin,extremely reduced diseased panicle rate and disease index of U. virens,but there was no significant difference among three chemical agents. Spraying period did not have significant impact on diseased panicle rate and disease index of U. virens,whereas spraying within7 d before initial heading stage and during initial heading stage had relatively good control effect. Yield increased significantly after application of three chemical agents,and armure led to greater increase. The reason for yield increase was that seed setting rate was significantly increased,and the number of filled grains per panicle was significantly increased. Although spraying period influenced yield,the difference was not significant. [Conclusion] Triadimefon,armure and Jinggangmycin had good control effects against U. virens in single cropping middle-late rice,of which armure had better control effects. Spraying chemical agents increased seed setting rate,and further increased the number of filled grains per panicle and yield. Spraying within 7 d before initial heading stage and during initial heading stage had relatively better control effect against U. virens.
基金Supported by National Science and Technology Support Program(2007BAD89B14)Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the PublicInterest(00803028)+3 种基金Major Technical Research Project of Ministry of Agriculture for Agricultural Structure Adjustment(06-03-07B)Project ofGuangdong Provincial Finance Department(YCY[2005]No.11,YCJ[2006]No.187)Agricultural Research Project of Guangdong ProvincialScience and Technology Department(2005B20101001)Special Fund forAgro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(201103001)
文摘Chemical weeding in dry direct seeding fields of single cropping middle-late rice was studied in Huida vegetable farm of Huizhou City in 2012. The main treatment was herbicide（ pretilachlor ＋ bensulfuron-methyl,Yangguo and butachlor）,and the sub-treatment was application method（ soil treatments,seedling treatment and integrated treatment）. The results showed that 80 g pretilachlor ＋ bensulfuron-methyl（ 36% pretilachlor ＋ 4% bensulfuron-methyl） diluted with 50 kg water could be sprayed or 200 g Yangguo（ 23. 9% butachlor ＋ 1. 1% bensulfuron-methyl） mixed with 15 kg sandy soil could be broadcasted per 667 m2 on the sowing day or the second day under moist condition of soil,which could effectively control weeds in dry direct seeding fields of single cropping middle-late rice.
