Precision planters are more and more widely used for planting corn in China.Seed meters of conventional precision corn planters are usually driven by ground wheel and chain and sprocket system at present.Because of th...Precision planters are more and more widely used for planting corn in China.Seed meters of conventional precision corn planters are usually driven by ground wheel and chain and sprocket system at present.Because of the slippage of ground wheels and vibration of chains,planting accuracy cannot be ensured,especially at higher forward speed.To improve the planting performance of precision planters,a mechatronic driving system was designed and its field working performance was evaluated in this research.A two-row pneumatic precision planter was modified to allow simultaneously using two different driving systems,i.e,with one row unit equipped with the newly designed mechatronic driving system and the other row unit equipped with conventional mechanical driving system,and used for planting at three forward speeds(9,11 and 12 km/h)on no-tillage and rotary-tillage lands.The distances between adjacent seeds in each plot were measured and the indices of uniformity in seed spacing,quality of feeding index(QFI),missing-seeding index and precision index were analyzed.With the average 4.70%increase of QFI and 3.54%decrease of missing-seeding index,the mechatronic driving system performed better than the mechanical driving system both on no-tillage and rotary-tillage lands at each forward speed.The values of QFI,missing-seeding index and precision index of the mechatronic driving system on rotary-tillage land are comparable to those on no-tillage land,by contrast,these indices of the mechanical driving system on rotary-tillage land are significantly worse than those on no-tillage land.The result indicates that the mechatronic driving system can eliminate the effect of ground wheel slippage on planting quality and maintain the uniformity of seed distribution.Although the QFI,missing-seeding index and precision index become worse with the increase of forward speed,with the worst values of QFI of 89.93%,missing-seeding index of 5.08%and precision index of 18.92%at the highest forward speed of 12 km/h,the mechatronic driving syste展开更多
The hand-held soil plant analysis development （SPAD） chlorophyll meter nitrogen status of the potato and guiding fertilization recommendations N recommendation, it is critical to establish the threshold SPAD value h...The hand-held soil plant analysis development （SPAD） chlorophyll meter nitrogen status of the potato and guiding fertilization recommendations N recommendation, it is critical to establish the threshold SPAD value has proved to be a promising tool in evaluating the n the process of N evaluation of potato plants and （SPAD reading）, below which nitrogen supplement is required. And taking convenient using into account, the threshold needs to be dynamic throughout the potato growing season so that the users can test their potato plants and make fertilization decision at any growing time of potato. To complete this goal, field experiments with different nitrogen supply levels were conducted in different sites in northern China from 2009 to 2011. The results showed that threshold SPAD values decrease as the growing season progresses for all cultivars and planting sites. By statistical analysis, the threshold regression models were established respectively as： y=-0.003χ2-0.0507χ＋58.213 （y, threshold SPAD value; χ, days after emergence） for the potato cultivar Kexin 1, and y=-0.003χ2＋0.017χ＋52.489 （y, threshold SPAD value; χ, days after emergence） for the cultivar Shepody, from which, the threshold SPAD value at any day after emergence can be calculated.展开更多
土体冻结过程中不同位置液态水的能量差引起了水分迁移与重分布,进而引发冻胀,关于势能差驱动下的冻土水分迁移问题一直由于技术手段的匮乏而没有完全解决。利用新近推出的可用于冻土水热研究的p F meter基质势传感器与5TM水分传感器,...土体冻结过程中不同位置液态水的能量差引起了水分迁移与重分布,进而引发冻胀,关于势能差驱动下的冻土水分迁移问题一直由于技术手段的匮乏而没有完全解决。利用新近推出的可用于冻土水热研究的p F meter基质势传感器与5TM水分传感器,实时监测研究饱和青藏红黏土单向冻结过程中基质势-液态含水率-温度-含冰量-水分迁移量-冻胀变形之间在时间、空间上的耦合变化关系。结果表明:土体温度场变化引起内部液态水相变,打破了原有的能量平衡,试验结束后12~14 cm土样高处含水率最高达到55%,靠近冻融交界面处(10 cm)的未冻区含水率减小至25.8%,水分整体向冷端发生迁移;土体冻胀的快慢及冻胀量大小与水分迁移速率及数量具有线性关系;试验后土体内总含水率的分布与分凝冰透镜体的分布一致,已冻区液态含水率的分布与温度梯度近似成线性关系,未冻区液态含水率的分布与水分的迁移量有关,与温度梯度无关。此外,温度场对水分场的变化具有诱导作用但二者并不同步,当冻结速率减小到一定程度时水分才开始迁移,第10小时后温度场趋于稳定而水分迁移并未停止。研究成果揭示了土体单向冻结过程中液态水、基质势、温度等物理参数的动态变化过程及内在联系,为冻胀机制的研究以及冻胀模型的建立提供了试验基础。展开更多
Impurity is one of the main factors that affect the measurement accuracy of an ultrasonic heat meter. To study the effects of different impurity species and concentrations on the accuracy of heat meters, flow tests we...Impurity is one of the main factors that affect the measurement accuracy of an ultrasonic heat meter. To study the effects of different impurity species and concentrations on the accuracy of heat meters, flow tests were carried out for the suspending of calcium carbonate and yellow mud. By analyzing the attenuation characteristics of the ultrasound amplitude in different impurity concentrations and species, the influence of the impurities on the heat meter measurement accuracy is evaluated. In order to avoid the inaccuracy caused by the sediment of the reflective bottom surface, a vortex generator is put ahead of the reflective surface. According to the test, the calcium carbonate suspension with a mass concentration of 1%, which influences the heat meter accuracy severely, is used as the flow media. The influence of the vortex generator on the calcium carbonate suspension flow field in the heat meter body is studied with numerical simulations. The results of this paper provide some theoretical guide on improving the heat meter measurement accuracy when the water contains impurities.展开更多
Seismic waves from a magnitude 8.3 earthquake in Japan were consistently recorded by five nearly identical gPhone gravity meters in Colorado. Good correlation was also found in the response of two different types of g...Seismic waves from a magnitude 8.3 earthquake in Japan were consistently recorded by five nearly identical gPhone gravity meters in Colorado. Good correlation was also found in the response of two different types of gravity meters and a standard seismometer in Walferdange, Luxembourg to an earthquake of magnitude 8.2 in Japan, indicating that all of them were capable of measuring the surface waves reliably. The gravity meters, however, recorded 11 separate arrivals of Raleigh waves, while the seismometer only one. Thus the gravity meters may be useful for obtaining new information in the study of seismic velocities, attenuation and dispersion.展开更多
In order to solve the difficult conditions of soft rock,water-trickling and hard-maintain of main air-return roadway in Tarangaole Colliery,high pretensioned stress and intensive bolt-shotcrete support program was des...In order to solve the difficult conditions of soft rock,water-trickling and hard-maintain of main air-return roadway in Tarangaole Colliery,high pretensioned stress and intensive bolt-shotcrete support program was designed and mechanical property of shotcrete layer was specially monitored through utilizing a type of concrete stress meter with oscillating chord after the program was carried out.It was indicated that,due to rock pressure and support resistance,the interior of shotcrete layer would emerge diverse stresses in axial,radial and tangential directions.With time passing internal stresses in three directions,whose average values were-0.061,0.043 and 0.517 MPa respectively,fluctuated first and then tended to stability slowly.The axial and radial stresses were relatively smaller than tangential stress which was 11,12 times the two formers respectively.Along the section of roadway,axial and tangential stresses distributed symmetrically and increased gradually from the top of arch to the waist of wall,but reduced at the foot of wall.Radial stresses reduced from the top of arch to the waist of arch first,and then increased in the waist of wall.Axial stresses were tensile substantially,except for stresses in arch vault tending to compressive,but all the radial stresses were compressive.Nevertheless,tangential stresses in the wall were compressive and tangential stresses in the arch were tensile.During the period of roadway excavating,the stress of shotcrete layer was less than its ultimate bearing capacity,with no significant stress concentration.At the end of this article,some suggests are given to shotcrete support design.展开更多
In specific condition, when wrapping angle of cold rolling strip covering surface of shape detecting roll dynamically changes, online radial compression of the shape detecting roll is changed too, and it seriously aff...In specific condition, when wrapping angle of cold rolling strip covering surface of shape detecting roll dynamically changes, online radial compression of the shape detecting roll is changed too, and it seriously affects online shape detecting precision of cold strip. Based on the latest intelligent shape meter developed by Yanshan University, using PSO-BP neural network and actual working condition datum, the cold strip online dynamic wrapping angle compensation model is established, and successfully applied in 1250 mm 6-high cold mill, remarkable results are achieved. The error between calculated values and measured values of total tensions is within 3 %展开更多
基金This study was supported by the 948 Program(2014-S8)the National Science and Technology Research Program(2013BAD08B01-3)。
文摘Precision planters are more and more widely used for planting corn in China.Seed meters of conventional precision corn planters are usually driven by ground wheel and chain and sprocket system at present.Because of the slippage of ground wheels and vibration of chains,planting accuracy cannot be ensured,especially at higher forward speed.To improve the planting performance of precision planters,a mechatronic driving system was designed and its field working performance was evaluated in this research.A two-row pneumatic precision planter was modified to allow simultaneously using two different driving systems,i.e,with one row unit equipped with the newly designed mechatronic driving system and the other row unit equipped with conventional mechanical driving system,and used for planting at three forward speeds(9,11 and 12 km/h)on no-tillage and rotary-tillage lands.The distances between adjacent seeds in each plot were measured and the indices of uniformity in seed spacing,quality of feeding index(QFI),missing-seeding index and precision index were analyzed.With the average 4.70%increase of QFI and 3.54%decrease of missing-seeding index,the mechatronic driving system performed better than the mechanical driving system both on no-tillage and rotary-tillage lands at each forward speed.The values of QFI,missing-seeding index and precision index of the mechatronic driving system on rotary-tillage land are comparable to those on no-tillage land,by contrast,these indices of the mechanical driving system on rotary-tillage land are significantly worse than those on no-tillage land.The result indicates that the mechatronic driving system can eliminate the effect of ground wheel slippage on planting quality and maintain the uniformity of seed distribution.Although the QFI,missing-seeding index and precision index become worse with the increase of forward speed,with the worst values of QFI of 89.93%,missing-seeding index of 5.08%and precision index of 18.92%at the highest forward speed of 12 km/h,the mechatronic driving syste
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (31360502)the Pre-973 Project of China (2012CB126307)the Inner Mongolia Nature Science Foundation, China (2013ZD04)
文摘The hand-held soil plant analysis development （SPAD） chlorophyll meter nitrogen status of the potato and guiding fertilization recommendations N recommendation, it is critical to establish the threshold SPAD value has proved to be a promising tool in evaluating the n the process of N evaluation of potato plants and （SPAD reading）, below which nitrogen supplement is required. And taking convenient using into account, the threshold needs to be dynamic throughout the potato growing season so that the users can test their potato plants and make fertilization decision at any growing time of potato. To complete this goal, field experiments with different nitrogen supply levels were conducted in different sites in northern China from 2009 to 2011. The results showed that threshold SPAD values decrease as the growing season progresses for all cultivars and planting sites. By statistical analysis, the threshold regression models were established respectively as： y=-0.003χ2-0.0507χ＋58.213 （y, threshold SPAD value; χ, days after emergence） for the potato cultivar Kexin 1, and y=-0.003χ2＋0.017χ＋52.489 （y, threshold SPAD value; χ, days after emergence） for the cultivar Shepody, from which, the threshold SPAD value at any day after emergence can be calculated.
文摘土体冻结过程中不同位置液态水的能量差引起了水分迁移与重分布,进而引发冻胀,关于势能差驱动下的冻土水分迁移问题一直由于技术手段的匮乏而没有完全解决。利用新近推出的可用于冻土水热研究的p F meter基质势传感器与5TM水分传感器,实时监测研究饱和青藏红黏土单向冻结过程中基质势-液态含水率-温度-含冰量-水分迁移量-冻胀变形之间在时间、空间上的耦合变化关系。结果表明:土体温度场变化引起内部液态水相变,打破了原有的能量平衡,试验结束后12~14 cm土样高处含水率最高达到55%,靠近冻融交界面处(10 cm)的未冻区含水率减小至25.8%,水分整体向冷端发生迁移;土体冻胀的快慢及冻胀量大小与水分迁移速率及数量具有线性关系;试验后土体内总含水率的分布与分凝冰透镜体的分布一致,已冻区液态含水率的分布与温度梯度近似成线性关系,未冻区液态含水率的分布与水分的迁移量有关,与温度梯度无关。此外,温度场对水分场的变化具有诱导作用但二者并不同步,当冻结速率减小到一定程度时水分才开始迁移,第10小时后温度场趋于稳定而水分迁移并未停止。研究成果揭示了土体单向冻结过程中液态水、基质势、温度等物理参数的动态变化过程及内在联系,为冻胀机制的研究以及冻胀模型的建立提供了试验基础。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51276102)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Grant No.ZR2014EEM015,ZR2011EEM011.)
文摘Impurity is one of the main factors that affect the measurement accuracy of an ultrasonic heat meter. To study the effects of different impurity species and concentrations on the accuracy of heat meters, flow tests were carried out for the suspending of calcium carbonate and yellow mud. By analyzing the attenuation characteristics of the ultrasound amplitude in different impurity concentrations and species, the influence of the impurities on the heat meter measurement accuracy is evaluated. In order to avoid the inaccuracy caused by the sediment of the reflective bottom surface, a vortex generator is put ahead of the reflective surface. According to the test, the calcium carbonate suspension with a mass concentration of 1%, which influences the heat meter accuracy severely, is used as the flow media. The influence of the vortex generator on the calcium carbonate suspension flow field in the heat meter body is studied with numerical simulations. The results of this paper provide some theoretical guide on improving the heat meter measurement accuracy when the water contains impurities.
文摘Seismic waves from a magnitude 8.3 earthquake in Japan were consistently recorded by five nearly identical gPhone gravity meters in Colorado. Good correlation was also found in the response of two different types of gravity meters and a standard seismometer in Walferdange, Luxembourg to an earthquake of magnitude 8.2 in Japan, indicating that all of them were capable of measuring the surface waves reliably. The gravity meters, however, recorded 11 separate arrivals of Raleigh waves, while the seismometer only one. Thus the gravity meters may be useful for obtaining new information in the study of seismic velocities, attenuation and dispersion.
文摘In order to solve the difficult conditions of soft rock,water-trickling and hard-maintain of main air-return roadway in Tarangaole Colliery,high pretensioned stress and intensive bolt-shotcrete support program was designed and mechanical property of shotcrete layer was specially monitored through utilizing a type of concrete stress meter with oscillating chord after the program was carried out.It was indicated that,due to rock pressure and support resistance,the interior of shotcrete layer would emerge diverse stresses in axial,radial and tangential directions.With time passing internal stresses in three directions,whose average values were-0.061,0.043 and 0.517 MPa respectively,fluctuated first and then tended to stability slowly.The axial and radial stresses were relatively smaller than tangential stress which was 11,12 times the two formers respectively.Along the section of roadway,axial and tangential stresses distributed symmetrically and increased gradually from the top of arch to the waist of wall,but reduced at the foot of wall.Radial stresses reduced from the top of arch to the waist of arch first,and then increased in the waist of wall.Axial stresses were tensile substantially,except for stresses in arch vault tending to compressive,but all the radial stresses were compressive.Nevertheless,tangential stresses in the wall were compressive and tangential stresses in the arch were tensile.During the period of roadway excavating,the stress of shotcrete layer was less than its ultimate bearing capacity,with no significant stress concentration.At the end of this article,some suggests are given to shotcrete support design.
基金Item Sponsored by National Science and Technology Support Plan of China(2007BAF02B10)Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province of China(E2011203004)
文摘In specific condition, when wrapping angle of cold rolling strip covering surface of shape detecting roll dynamically changes, online radial compression of the shape detecting roll is changed too, and it seriously affects online shape detecting precision of cold strip. Based on the latest intelligent shape meter developed by Yanshan University, using PSO-BP neural network and actual working condition datum, the cold strip online dynamic wrapping angle compensation model is established, and successfully applied in 1250 mm 6-high cold mill, remarkable results are achieved. The error between calculated values and measured values of total tensions is within 3 %
