Traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs)are commonly used in China,and some of them have been proved to be effective against infection caused by certain pathogenic bacteria.In the present study,we aimed to describe the tre...Traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs)are commonly used in China,and some of them have been proved to be effective against infection caused by certain pathogenic bacteria.In the present study,we aimed to describe the trends of antibacterial-effect traditional Chinese medicine(AeTCM)consumption and expenditure in secondary and tertiary hospitals in China using pharmaceutical sales data from January 2011 to December 2015.Aggregated monthly surveillance data on AeTCM sales in China’s hospitals were retrospectively analyzed.Population weighted daily define doses,which are the recommended daily amounts based on dosage regimen recommended in the manufacturers’instructions,were adopted.The AeTCM consumption was expressed in DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day(DID).The AeTCM expenditure was expressed in US dollars.A compound annual growth rate(CAGR)was used to describe the growth of AeTCM consumption and expenditure.A total of 1293 AeTCMs were matched and analyzed from 468 tertiary hospitals and 114 secondary hospitals from 28 provinces.The total AeTCM consumption and expenditure demonstrated a significant upward trend during the study period from 4.07 DID to 6.82 DID with a CAGR of 13.75%,and 839.75 million US dollars to 1276.82 million US dollars with a CAGR of 11.04%,respectively.Compared with eastern provinces,the consumption of AeTCMs was higher in the central and western provinces.Parenteral AeTCMs accounted for 7.20%of the total Ae TCM consumption,but nearly 45%of the total AeTCM expenditure.The AeTCM use in China demonstrated a rapid growth,which could be the result of the substitutional effect from antimicrobial stewardship and brought a potential risk of overuse.More studies are needed to further explore the potential efficacy of AeTCMs as an alternative approach towards infection treatment and to help confine antimicrobial resistance.展开更多
背景:国际上学者们很早就应用能量法对跑步效率有过积极的探索。但做功效率测试方法学至今并不完善。目的:通过场地400m跑训练实测,测试人体跑步的做功效率。方法:以体育院校短跑专项一级、二级男子运动员共12人为研究对象,在最近1年内...背景:国际上学者们很早就应用能量法对跑步效率有过积极的探索。但做功效率测试方法学至今并不完善。目的:通过场地400m跑训练实测,测试人体跑步的做功效率。方法:以体育院校短跑专项一级、二级男子运动员共12人为研究对象,在最近1年内无肌肉损伤、骨折及循环呼吸系统疾病,且了解实验过程,自愿参加测试。运用CORTEX Meta Max 3B便携式气体分析仪结合高速摄像PULNIX CCD(TM6710)系统、自制分段计时器等仪器,在田径场上进行同步测试;应用能量法结合生理指标、运动学指标、数学模型及统计方法计算出人体做功效率值。结果与结论:运动中一个复步的人体重心的Y轴平均起伏距离是(10.0±1.70)cm;X轴分段平均速度是(7.00±0.23)m/s;运动时间是(57.20±1.84)s;人体400m跑运动净能耗、热能、空气阻力能、势能、动能及做功效率平均值分别是(301.2±29.3)kJ,(197.0±30.3)kJ,(5.3±0.6)kJ,(3.7±0.7)kJ,(95.2±10.9)kJ,(35.0±4.3)%。在平均速度(7.00±0.23)m/s下,通过实际场地测试400m跑做功效率(外功效率)的平均值为35%,人体运动中的净能耗大部分以热能的形式损耗。说明人体实际运动的做功效率,可以能量平衡理论模型结合运动生物力学手段测试。展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.81973294,81861138048 and 71774005)China Medical Board(Grant No.17-270)。
文摘Traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs)are commonly used in China,and some of them have been proved to be effective against infection caused by certain pathogenic bacteria.In the present study,we aimed to describe the trends of antibacterial-effect traditional Chinese medicine(AeTCM)consumption and expenditure in secondary and tertiary hospitals in China using pharmaceutical sales data from January 2011 to December 2015.Aggregated monthly surveillance data on AeTCM sales in China’s hospitals were retrospectively analyzed.Population weighted daily define doses,which are the recommended daily amounts based on dosage regimen recommended in the manufacturers’instructions,were adopted.The AeTCM consumption was expressed in DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day(DID).The AeTCM expenditure was expressed in US dollars.A compound annual growth rate(CAGR)was used to describe the growth of AeTCM consumption and expenditure.A total of 1293 AeTCMs were matched and analyzed from 468 tertiary hospitals and 114 secondary hospitals from 28 provinces.The total AeTCM consumption and expenditure demonstrated a significant upward trend during the study period from 4.07 DID to 6.82 DID with a CAGR of 13.75%,and 839.75 million US dollars to 1276.82 million US dollars with a CAGR of 11.04%,respectively.Compared with eastern provinces,the consumption of AeTCMs was higher in the central and western provinces.Parenteral AeTCMs accounted for 7.20%of the total Ae TCM consumption,but nearly 45%of the total AeTCM expenditure.The AeTCM use in China demonstrated a rapid growth,which could be the result of the substitutional effect from antimicrobial stewardship and brought a potential risk of overuse.More studies are needed to further explore the potential efficacy of AeTCMs as an alternative approach towards infection treatment and to help confine antimicrobial resistance.
文摘背景:国际上学者们很早就应用能量法对跑步效率有过积极的探索。但做功效率测试方法学至今并不完善。目的:通过场地400m跑训练实测,测试人体跑步的做功效率。方法:以体育院校短跑专项一级、二级男子运动员共12人为研究对象,在最近1年内无肌肉损伤、骨折及循环呼吸系统疾病,且了解实验过程,自愿参加测试。运用CORTEX Meta Max 3B便携式气体分析仪结合高速摄像PULNIX CCD(TM6710)系统、自制分段计时器等仪器,在田径场上进行同步测试;应用能量法结合生理指标、运动学指标、数学模型及统计方法计算出人体做功效率值。结果与结论:运动中一个复步的人体重心的Y轴平均起伏距离是(10.0±1.70)cm;X轴分段平均速度是(7.00±0.23)m/s;运动时间是(57.20±1.84)s;人体400m跑运动净能耗、热能、空气阻力能、势能、动能及做功效率平均值分别是(301.2±29.3)kJ,(197.0±30.3)kJ,(5.3±0.6)kJ,(3.7±0.7)kJ,(95.2±10.9)kJ,(35.0±4.3)%。在平均速度(7.00±0.23)m/s下,通过实际场地测试400m跑做功效率(外功效率)的平均值为35%,人体运动中的净能耗大部分以热能的形式损耗。说明人体实际运动的做功效率,可以能量平衡理论模型结合运动生物力学手段测试。
