In the issue of rainfall estimation by radar through the necessary relationship between radar reflectivity Z and rain rate R (Z-R), the main limitation is attributed to the variability of this relationship. Indeed, se...In the issue of rainfall estimation by radar through the necessary relationship between radar reflectivity Z and rain rate R (Z-R), the main limitation is attributed to the variability of this relationship. Indeed, several pre-vious studies have shown the great variability of this relationship in space and time, from a rainfall event to another and even within a single rainfall event. Recent studies have shown that the variability of raindrop size distributions and thereby Z-R relationships is therefore, more the result of complex dynamic, thermody-namic and microphysical processes within rainfall systems than a convective/stratiform classification of the ground rainfall signature. The raindrop number and size at ground being the resultant of various processes mentioned above, a suitable approach would be to analyze their variability in relation to that of Z-R relation-ship. In this study, we investigated the total raindrop concentration number NT and the median volume di-ameter D0 used in numerous studies, and have shown that the combination of these two ‘observed’ parame-ters appears to be an interesting approach to better understand the variability of the Z-R relationships in the rainfall events, without assuming a certain analytical raindrop size distribution model (exponential, gamma, or log-normal). The present study is based on the analysis of disdrometer data collected at different seasons and places in Africa, and aims to show the degree of the raindrop size and number implication in regard to the Z-R relationships variability.展开更多
The mean,median and mode are statistical means often used in statistics to describe the concentrative trend of a group of data.However,the three kinds of data are not only different in definition,but also different in...The mean,median and mode are statistical means often used in statistics to describe the concentrative trend of a group of data.However,the three kinds of data are not only different in definition,but also different in application.For the same group of data,there is no definite and strict standard for which one should be used.What's more,different data may even lead to diametrically opposite conclusions.Even if we finally choose one,what extent the data can describe the concentrative trend of the group of data?Is there any statistical method that can describe the concentrative trend of a group of data more objectively and fairly?It is not only a very interesting issue,but also an issue including great research value.展开更多
在过去10年里,基于量子力学的量子信号表示研究已经出现一些重要结果.然而,关于量子信号处理方面的研究却相对滞后,其中就包括量子信号的滤波处理.首先,改进了现有的数字信号的量子表示模型(quantum representation of digital signals,...在过去10年里,基于量子力学的量子信号表示研究已经出现一些重要结果.然而,关于量子信号处理方面的研究却相对滞后,其中就包括量子信号的滤波处理.首先,改进了现有的数字信号的量子表示模型(quantum representation of digital signals,QRDS),使其适用于任意长度的时间信号,同时还修改了QRDS模型中二补码的编码方法,使得新的编码更符合实际问题.然后,基于改进的模型引入了中值滤波方案,该方案回避了量子计算不能直接实现卷积运算的缺陷.为了实现该滤波方案的量子电路,又给出了基本量子运算模块:比较器模块、交换模块和中值计算模块.最后,通过实例验证了文中所提滤波方案的有效性和合理性.展开更多
文摘In the issue of rainfall estimation by radar through the necessary relationship between radar reflectivity Z and rain rate R (Z-R), the main limitation is attributed to the variability of this relationship. Indeed, several pre-vious studies have shown the great variability of this relationship in space and time, from a rainfall event to another and even within a single rainfall event. Recent studies have shown that the variability of raindrop size distributions and thereby Z-R relationships is therefore, more the result of complex dynamic, thermody-namic and microphysical processes within rainfall systems than a convective/stratiform classification of the ground rainfall signature. The raindrop number and size at ground being the resultant of various processes mentioned above, a suitable approach would be to analyze their variability in relation to that of Z-R relation-ship. In this study, we investigated the total raindrop concentration number NT and the median volume di-ameter D0 used in numerous studies, and have shown that the combination of these two ‘observed’ parame-ters appears to be an interesting approach to better understand the variability of the Z-R relationships in the rainfall events, without assuming a certain analytical raindrop size distribution model (exponential, gamma, or log-normal). The present study is based on the analysis of disdrometer data collected at different seasons and places in Africa, and aims to show the degree of the raindrop size and number implication in regard to the Z-R relationships variability.
文摘The mean,median and mode are statistical means often used in statistics to describe the concentrative trend of a group of data.However,the three kinds of data are not only different in definition,but also different in application.For the same group of data,there is no definite and strict standard for which one should be used.What's more,different data may even lead to diametrically opposite conclusions.Even if we finally choose one,what extent the data can describe the concentrative trend of the group of data?Is there any statistical method that can describe the concentrative trend of a group of data more objectively and fairly?It is not only a very interesting issue,but also an issue including great research value.
文摘在过去10年里,基于量子力学的量子信号表示研究已经出现一些重要结果.然而,关于量子信号处理方面的研究却相对滞后,其中就包括量子信号的滤波处理.首先,改进了现有的数字信号的量子表示模型(quantum representation of digital signals,QRDS),使其适用于任意长度的时间信号,同时还修改了QRDS模型中二补码的编码方法,使得新的编码更符合实际问题.然后,基于改进的模型引入了中值滤波方案,该方案回避了量子计算不能直接实现卷积运算的缺陷.为了实现该滤波方案的量子电路,又给出了基本量子运算模块:比较器模块、交换模块和中值计算模块.最后,通过实例验证了文中所提滤波方案的有效性和合理性.
