Venom （toxins） is an important trait evolved along the evolutionary tree of animals. Our knowledges on venoms, such as their origins and loss, the biological relevance and the coevolutionary patterns with other orga...Venom （toxins） is an important trait evolved along the evolutionary tree of animals. Our knowledges on venoms, such as their origins and loss, the biological relevance and the coevolutionary patterns with other organisms are greatly helpful in understanding many fundamental biological questions, i.e., the environmental adaptation and survival competition, the evolution shaped development and balance of venoms, and the sophisticated correlations among venom, immunity, body power, intelligence, their genetic basis, inherent association, as well as the cost-benefit and trade-offs of biological economy. Lethal animal envenomation can be found worldwide However, from foe to friend, toxin studies have led lots of important discoveries and exciting avenues in deciphering and fighting human diseases, including the works awarded the Nobel Prize and lots of key clinic therapeutics. According to our survey, so far, only less than 0.1% of the toxins of the venomous animals in China have been explored. We emphasize on the similarities shared by venom and immune systems, as well as the studies of toxin knowledge-based physiological toxin-like proteins/peptides （TLPs）. We propose the natural pairing hypothesis. Evolution links toxins with humans. Our mission is to find out the right natural pairings and interactions of our body elements with toxins, and with endogenous toxin-like molecules. Although, in nature, toxins may endanger human lives, but from a philosophical point of view, knowing them well is an effective way to better understand ourselves. So, this is why we study toxins.展开更多
The kinetics and mechanism of ozonation degradation of p-nitrochlorobenzene（pCNB）were investigated.The reaction rate constant of pCNB with O3 was 1.6 L·mol -1 ·s -1 by direct determination.With nitrobenzen...The kinetics and mechanism of ozonation degradation of p-nitrochlorobenzene（pCNB）were investigated.The reaction rate constant of pCNB with O3 was 1.6 L·mol -1 ·s -1 by direct determination.With nitrobenzene and chlorobenzene as the reference compounds, the reaction rate constant of pCNB with ·OH that was determined by means of competition kinetics was 2.6×10 9 L·mol -1 ·s -1 .During the pCNB ozonation degradation, organic nitrogen and organic chlorine were almost completely converted to nitrate and chloride.Ozonation could not reduce TOC obviously.The results of LC-MS and GC-MS showed that the main intermediate products were aromatic substances such as p-chlorophenol, p-nitrophenol, 2-chloro-5-nitrophenol, etc., and non-aromatic substances such as oxalic acid, malonic acid, maleic acid, muconic acid etc.Finally, a possible reaction pathway of ozonation degradation of pCNB was proposed according to these intermediate products.展开更多
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31270835)NSFCYunnan joint funding(U1132601)the Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KJZD-EW-L03)
文摘Venom （toxins） is an important trait evolved along the evolutionary tree of animals. Our knowledges on venoms, such as their origins and loss, the biological relevance and the coevolutionary patterns with other organisms are greatly helpful in understanding many fundamental biological questions, i.e., the environmental adaptation and survival competition, the evolution shaped development and balance of venoms, and the sophisticated correlations among venom, immunity, body power, intelligence, their genetic basis, inherent association, as well as the cost-benefit and trade-offs of biological economy. Lethal animal envenomation can be found worldwide However, from foe to friend, toxin studies have led lots of important discoveries and exciting avenues in deciphering and fighting human diseases, including the works awarded the Nobel Prize and lots of key clinic therapeutics. According to our survey, so far, only less than 0.1% of the toxins of the venomous animals in China have been explored. We emphasize on the similarities shared by venom and immune systems, as well as the studies of toxin knowledge-based physiological toxin-like proteins/peptides （TLPs）. We propose the natural pairing hypothesis. Evolution links toxins with humans. Our mission is to find out the right natural pairings and interactions of our body elements with toxins, and with endogenous toxin-like molecules. Although, in nature, toxins may endanger human lives, but from a philosophical point of view, knowing them well is an effective way to better understand ourselves. So, this is why we study toxins.
文摘The kinetics and mechanism of ozonation degradation of p-nitrochlorobenzene（pCNB）were investigated.The reaction rate constant of pCNB with O3 was 1.6 L·mol -1 ·s -1 by direct determination.With nitrobenzene and chlorobenzene as the reference compounds, the reaction rate constant of pCNB with ·OH that was determined by means of competition kinetics was 2.6×10 9 L·mol -1 ·s -1 .During the pCNB ozonation degradation, organic nitrogen and organic chlorine were almost completely converted to nitrate and chloride.Ozonation could not reduce TOC obviously.The results of LC-MS and GC-MS showed that the main intermediate products were aromatic substances such as p-chlorophenol, p-nitrophenol, 2-chloro-5-nitrophenol, etc., and non-aromatic substances such as oxalic acid, malonic acid, maleic acid, muconic acid etc.Finally, a possible reaction pathway of ozonation degradation of pCNB was proposed according to these intermediate products.
