This paper introduces the recent highly significant activity of China Oilfield Services Ltd. （COSL） in the South China Sea, where COSL conducted pretrial drilling in June of 2008. The paper discusses some key resear...This paper introduces the recent highly significant activity of China Oilfield Services Ltd. （COSL） in the South China Sea, where COSL conducted pretrial drilling in June of 2008. The paper discusses some key research and new practices which led to the fabrication of related equipment which was evaluated in the trial. The market for deepwater drilling in the world has grown over the past 10 years but there are few drilling vessels or platforms suitable for drilling in deepwater or super deepwater. China needs equipment capable of deepwater drilling operations. COSL has some semisubmersible platforms, but they are only considered suitable for operations in water depths less than 475 m. An enabling technology, referred to as an artificial seabed, has been under development by COSL since 2004, and it applies the research results and experiences of many experts in deepwater drilling. COSL hopes this technology will allow drilling to depths of approximately 1 000-1 500m with its current platforms. The paper presents research progress and improvements in fabrication and necessary upgrades to equipment for extending deepwater drilling. The pretrial well was executed at a water depth of nearly 500m. COSL will drill the trial well around 2009 at the same location in the South China Sea.展开更多
Since a load of power system changes continuously,the generation also adjusted for supply-demand balance purpose.If there exist more distributed generators in the distribution network,the dispatch strategy becomes mor...Since a load of power system changes continuously,the generation also adjusted for supply-demand balance purpose.If there exist more distributed generators in the distribution network,the dispatch strategy becomes more crucial.The possibility of having numerous controllable microgrids,diesel generator(DG)units and loads for microgrids(MGs)system requires an efficient dispatch strategy in order to balance supply demand for reducing the total cost of the integrated system.In this paper,a method for the dispatch of the distributed generator in distributed power systems has been proposed.The dispatch strategy is such that it keeps a flat voltage profile,reduces the network losses,increases the maximum loading and voltage security margin of the system.The procedure is based on the analysis of continuous power flow.The method is executed on a 34-bus test system.The MATLAB based PSAT packages are used for simulation purpose.展开更多
Gadolinia-doped ceria ceramic pastes were formulated with different solid loadings and extruded using lab-scale equipment.The force to maintain a constant ram speed of 10 mm/min was recorded.The radial shrinkage after...Gadolinia-doped ceria ceramic pastes were formulated with different solid loadings and extruded using lab-scale equipment.The force to maintain a constant ram speed of 10 mm/min was recorded.The radial shrinkage after drying was proportional to the solid loading and this allowed the determination of the maximum solid loading by an extrapolation procedure.In order to obtain the apparent viscosity of the pastes,a novel approach based on the analysis of the slope of the extrusion pressure plot versus distance covered by the ram,was formulated for the direct determination of the shear stress upon extrusion.The agreement of the determined maximum solid loading with values calculated by two existing models confirmed that the proposed approach was an alternative and reliable method to identify the upper limit of the solid loading range for the formulation of extrudable ceramic pastes.展开更多
为减少养猪场废弃物排放和化肥使用,降低环境污染,最大限度将猪粪肥料化,采用盆栽试验方法,在自然降雨条件下模拟研究了亚热带红壤丘陵区花生-萝卜轮作体系下红黏土红壤对猪粪的安全消纳能力。试验设在江西鹰潭中国科学院红壤生态试验站...为减少养猪场废弃物排放和化肥使用,降低环境污染,最大限度将猪粪肥料化,采用盆栽试验方法,在自然降雨条件下模拟研究了亚热带红壤丘陵区花生-萝卜轮作体系下红黏土红壤对猪粪的安全消纳能力。试验设在江西鹰潭中国科学院红壤生态试验站,供试土壤肥力水平中等(有机碳5.16g·kg-1,Olsen-P28.34mg·kg-1)。试验以3组化肥水平为基础(不施化肥,常规化肥减半,常规化肥用量),常规化肥年施肥量为:N100 kg·hm-2,P50kg·hm-2,K100kg·hm-2。每个化肥用量基础上分别设置7个猪粪施肥梯度(以P计):0、25、50、100、200、400、800kgP·hm-2。通过监测两年土壤渗漏水中铵态氮、硝态氮和总磷浓度变化,结合作物产量和土壤养分含量变化,初步确定了花生-萝卜轮作体系下红黏土红壤对猪粪的安全消纳量。结果表明:(1)从地下水和土壤环境角度分析,在不施化肥情况下,猪粪施用量应低于200kgP·hm-2,常用化肥用量减半时,猪粪安全用量为不高于100 kg P·hm-2;常规化肥用量下,即使不施猪粪,渗漏水硝态氮浓度已经有引起污染的风险。(2)从作物产量角度考虑,猪粪和化肥配合施用时猪粪用量超过100 kg P·hm-2时不能使作物显著增产。因此,在保证经济效益和环境生态效益的同时,确定年化肥用量为常规用量减半水平,花生-萝卜轮作体系下红黏土红壤猪粪最大安全消纳量为100kgP·hm-2,相当于每年施用鲜猪粪24000kg·hm-2。展开更多
文摘This paper introduces the recent highly significant activity of China Oilfield Services Ltd. （COSL） in the South China Sea, where COSL conducted pretrial drilling in June of 2008. The paper discusses some key research and new practices which led to the fabrication of related equipment which was evaluated in the trial. The market for deepwater drilling in the world has grown over the past 10 years but there are few drilling vessels or platforms suitable for drilling in deepwater or super deepwater. China needs equipment capable of deepwater drilling operations. COSL has some semisubmersible platforms, but they are only considered suitable for operations in water depths less than 475 m. An enabling technology, referred to as an artificial seabed, has been under development by COSL since 2004, and it applies the research results and experiences of many experts in deepwater drilling. COSL hopes this technology will allow drilling to depths of approximately 1 000-1 500m with its current platforms. The paper presents research progress and improvements in fabrication and necessary upgrades to equipment for extending deepwater drilling. The pretrial well was executed at a water depth of nearly 500m. COSL will drill the trial well around 2009 at the same location in the South China Sea.
文摘Since a load of power system changes continuously,the generation also adjusted for supply-demand balance purpose.If there exist more distributed generators in the distribution network,the dispatch strategy becomes more crucial.The possibility of having numerous controllable microgrids,diesel generator(DG)units and loads for microgrids(MGs)system requires an efficient dispatch strategy in order to balance supply demand for reducing the total cost of the integrated system.In this paper,a method for the dispatch of the distributed generator in distributed power systems has been proposed.The dispatch strategy is such that it keeps a flat voltage profile,reduces the network losses,increases the maximum loading and voltage security margin of the system.The procedure is based on the analysis of continuous power flow.The method is executed on a 34-bus test system.The MATLAB based PSAT packages are used for simulation purpose.
文摘Gadolinia-doped ceria ceramic pastes were formulated with different solid loadings and extruded using lab-scale equipment.The force to maintain a constant ram speed of 10 mm/min was recorded.The radial shrinkage after drying was proportional to the solid loading and this allowed the determination of the maximum solid loading by an extrapolation procedure.In order to obtain the apparent viscosity of the pastes,a novel approach based on the analysis of the slope of the extrusion pressure plot versus distance covered by the ram,was formulated for the direct determination of the shear stress upon extrusion.The agreement of the determined maximum solid loading with values calculated by two existing models confirmed that the proposed approach was an alternative and reliable method to identify the upper limit of the solid loading range for the formulation of extrudable ceramic pastes.
文摘为减少养猪场废弃物排放和化肥使用,降低环境污染,最大限度将猪粪肥料化,采用盆栽试验方法,在自然降雨条件下模拟研究了亚热带红壤丘陵区花生-萝卜轮作体系下红黏土红壤对猪粪的安全消纳能力。试验设在江西鹰潭中国科学院红壤生态试验站,供试土壤肥力水平中等(有机碳5.16g·kg-1,Olsen-P28.34mg·kg-1)。试验以3组化肥水平为基础(不施化肥,常规化肥减半,常规化肥用量),常规化肥年施肥量为:N100 kg·hm-2,P50kg·hm-2,K100kg·hm-2。每个化肥用量基础上分别设置7个猪粪施肥梯度(以P计):0、25、50、100、200、400、800kgP·hm-2。通过监测两年土壤渗漏水中铵态氮、硝态氮和总磷浓度变化,结合作物产量和土壤养分含量变化,初步确定了花生-萝卜轮作体系下红黏土红壤对猪粪的安全消纳量。结果表明:(1)从地下水和土壤环境角度分析,在不施化肥情况下,猪粪施用量应低于200kgP·hm-2,常用化肥用量减半时,猪粪安全用量为不高于100 kg P·hm-2;常规化肥用量下,即使不施猪粪,渗漏水硝态氮浓度已经有引起污染的风险。(2)从作物产量角度考虑,猪粪和化肥配合施用时猪粪用量超过100 kg P·hm-2时不能使作物显著增产。因此,在保证经济效益和环境生态效益的同时,确定年化肥用量为常规用量减半水平,花生-萝卜轮作体系下红黏土红壤猪粪最大安全消纳量为100kgP·hm-2,相当于每年施用鲜猪粪24000kg·hm-2。
