Soil erosion is a major environmental problem in China.Planning for soil erosion control requires accurate soil erosion rate and spatial distribution information.The aim of this article is to present the methods and r...Soil erosion is a major environmental problem in China.Planning for soil erosion control requires accurate soil erosion rate and spatial distribution information.The aim of this article is to present the methods and results of the national soil erosion survey of China completed in 2011.A multi-stage,unequal probability,systematic area sampling method was employed.A total of 32,948 sample units,which were either 0.2-3 km2 small catchments or 1 km2 grids,were investigated on site.Soil erosion rates were calculated with the Chinese Soil Loss Equation in 10 m by 10 m grids for each sample unit,along with the area of soil loss exceeding the soil loss tolerance and the proportion of area in excess of soil loss tolerance relative to the total land area of the sample units.Maps were created by using a spatial interpolation method at national,river basin,and provincial scales.Results showed that the calculated average soil erosion rate was 5 t ha-1 yr-1 in China,and was 18.2 t ha-1 yr-1 for sloped,cultivated cropland.Intensive soil erosion occurred on cropland,overgrazing grassland,and sparsely forested land.The proportions of soil loss tolerance exceedance areas of sample units were interpolated through the country in 250 m grids.The national average ratio was 13.5%,which represents the area of land in China that requires the implementation of soil conservation practices.These survey results and the maps provide the basic information for national conservation planning and policymaking.展开更多
为探索残障人士在旅游景区就业的可能性,应用刻板印象研究中的BIAS Map(Behaviors from Intergroup Affect and Stereotypes Map)模型,基于对多个景区游客的问卷调查,运用方差分析和线性回归,剖析游客对旅游景区残障员工的态度及群际接...为探索残障人士在旅游景区就业的可能性,应用刻板印象研究中的BIAS Map(Behaviors from Intergroup Affect and Stereotypes Map)模型,基于对多个景区游客的问卷调查,运用方差分析和线性回归,剖析游客对旅游景区残障员工的态度及群际接触因素对游客态度的影响。研究表明,从游客态度角度看,残障人士在旅游景区工作有其可能性。其原因是:游客对旅游景区雇佣的残障员工总体上持高热情、低能力的刻板印象,会唤醒游客对残障员工的钦佩情绪及采取被动助长残障员工的行为;在排除人口统计特征的影响下,接受过残障人士的服务、与残障人士高频率接触会显著唤醒游客对残障员工的积极情绪。建议强化地方政府在促进残障人士就业过程中的主导作用,倡导景区雇佣残障人士,重视“全国助残日”等节日契机,促进公众与残障群体多方式、高频率的接触,从而减少社会偏见,构建和谐社会。展开更多
文摘Soil erosion is a major environmental problem in China.Planning for soil erosion control requires accurate soil erosion rate and spatial distribution information.The aim of this article is to present the methods and results of the national soil erosion survey of China completed in 2011.A multi-stage,unequal probability,systematic area sampling method was employed.A total of 32,948 sample units,which were either 0.2-3 km2 small catchments or 1 km2 grids,were investigated on site.Soil erosion rates were calculated with the Chinese Soil Loss Equation in 10 m by 10 m grids for each sample unit,along with the area of soil loss exceeding the soil loss tolerance and the proportion of area in excess of soil loss tolerance relative to the total land area of the sample units.Maps were created by using a spatial interpolation method at national,river basin,and provincial scales.Results showed that the calculated average soil erosion rate was 5 t ha-1 yr-1 in China,and was 18.2 t ha-1 yr-1 for sloped,cultivated cropland.Intensive soil erosion occurred on cropland,overgrazing grassland,and sparsely forested land.The proportions of soil loss tolerance exceedance areas of sample units were interpolated through the country in 250 m grids.The national average ratio was 13.5%,which represents the area of land in China that requires the implementation of soil conservation practices.These survey results and the maps provide the basic information for national conservation planning and policymaking.
文摘为探索残障人士在旅游景区就业的可能性,应用刻板印象研究中的BIAS Map(Behaviors from Intergroup Affect and Stereotypes Map)模型,基于对多个景区游客的问卷调查,运用方差分析和线性回归,剖析游客对旅游景区残障员工的态度及群际接触因素对游客态度的影响。研究表明,从游客态度角度看,残障人士在旅游景区工作有其可能性。其原因是:游客对旅游景区雇佣的残障员工总体上持高热情、低能力的刻板印象,会唤醒游客对残障员工的钦佩情绪及采取被动助长残障员工的行为;在排除人口统计特征的影响下,接受过残障人士的服务、与残障人士高频率接触会显著唤醒游客对残障员工的积极情绪。建议强化地方政府在促进残障人士就业过程中的主导作用,倡导景区雇佣残障人士,重视“全国助残日”等节日契机,促进公众与残障群体多方式、高频率的接触,从而减少社会偏见,构建和谐社会。
