中国哺乳动物区系有鲜明的特色:有青藏高原分布的特有种属,有第三纪孑遗动物——大熊猫科和白鱀豚科,世界一半以上的鼠兔科动物为中国特有种,中国还是世界有蹄类最丰富的国家。新世纪以来,世界哺乳动物分类体系发生了变化,中国也发现一...中国哺乳动物区系有鲜明的特色:有青藏高原分布的特有种属,有第三纪孑遗动物——大熊猫科和白鱀豚科,世界一半以上的鼠兔科动物为中国特有种,中国还是世界有蹄类最丰富的国家。新世纪以来,世界哺乳动物分类体系发生了变化,中国也发现一批哺乳动物新种和新记录种。因此,有必要对中国哺乳动物多样性名录进行及时更新和完善。我们在《中国生物多样性红色名录·哺乳动物卷》的编研中,对中国哺乳动物的目级阶元采用在系统发育基因组学已经取得一致意见的方案;在科及以下阶元以《中国哺乳动物种与亚种分类名录与分布大全》和Mammal Species of the World:A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference(第3版)的分类系统为基础,有蹄类的分类采用Ungulate Taxonomy分类系统;收集整理了中国(包括台湾地区)所有哺乳动物资料,增加了截至2015年3月31日学术期刊发表的中国哺乳动物新种和新记录种,通过会议评审和通讯评审,调整了一些物种的名称和分类地位,确定了《中国哺乳动物名录(2015)》。该名录收录了中国现有哺乳动物12目55科245属673种,其中,新种18种(包括11种最近发现的或利用分子生物学方法确定的、尚有争议的新种)、新记录种18种、60个亚种提升为种。根据研究结果和专家意见,剔除了52种哺乳动物。此外,中国分类学家对新版名录中的20种啮类(Glires)的分类地位持不同意见,这些种类需要进一步研究。以《中国哺乳动物名录(2015)》收录的中国哺乳动物种数与其他国家比较,中国哺乳动物种数超过IUCN(2014)报道的世界哺乳动物排序第一的印度尼西亚(670种)。中国有150种特有哺乳动物,特有种比例为22.3%。兔形目特有种比例达43%,鼠兔科特有种比例更高达52%。劳亚食虫目的特有种比例为35%。中国灵长目、啮齿目和翼手目特有种比例约占各目总种数的1/5,翼手目特有种包�展开更多
为初步探究青钱柳多糖(CPP)对高脂血症小鼠降血脂作用和机制,将高脂血症小鼠随机分为模型对照组、辛伐他汀组、空白对照组以及青钱柳低、中、高剂量组,每组16组。模型对照组与空白对照组均喂以等量的无菌水,辛伐他汀组喂以4 mg/kg的辛...为初步探究青钱柳多糖(CPP)对高脂血症小鼠降血脂作用和机制,将高脂血症小鼠随机分为模型对照组、辛伐他汀组、空白对照组以及青钱柳低、中、高剂量组,每组16组。模型对照组与空白对照组均喂以等量的无菌水,辛伐他汀组喂以4 mg/kg的辛伐他汀与CMC-Na(0.5%)的混悬液,青钱柳低、中、高剂量组分别喂以100 mg/kg、200 mg/kg和400 mg/kg的CPP水溶液,连续喂养4周。实验结束后,测定血清TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C、FFA水平和LPS活力,取肝脏做病理形态学观察,用RT-PCR方法测定HSL m RNA的表达量。结果表明,与模型对照组相比,CPP组小鼠血清TC、TG、LDL-C的水平和LPS的活力(P<0.01)均显著降低,HDL-C和FFA的水平(P<0.01)则显著增加;CPP组小鼠肝脂变程度较模型组有不同程度的改善;相比于模型对照组,CPP组的HSL m RNA的表达量均显著上升(P<0.05)。综上,CPP可以明显降低高脂血症小鼠血脂水平,改善其因摄入过多脂质而导致肝脏脂肪变性。展开更多
依据中国哺乳类野生种群与生境现状,我们利用IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria(Version 3.1),Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria和Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regio...依据中国哺乳类野生种群与生境现状,我们利用IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria(Version 3.1),Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria和Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels(Version 4.0),评价了中国所有已知的673种哺乳动物的濒危状况。本次评估了71种《IUCN濒危物种红色名录(2015)》没有评估的哺乳动物,还评估了60种《IUCN濒危物种红色名录(2015)》误认为中国没有分布的哺乳动物。发现中国有3种哺乳动物"野外灭绝",3种"区域灭绝"。受威胁中国哺乳动物共计178种,约占评估物种总数的26.4%,高于IUCN濒危物种红色名录的物种平均受威胁率(21.8%)。中国哺乳动物1/4的特有种属于受威胁物种。受威胁比例最高的目是灵长目、食肉目与鲸偶蹄目。多数省区的受威胁哺乳动物物种占本省区哺乳动物总数的20–30%。中国哺乳动物种类多分布在中国第二级地理阶梯。生活在高海拔地区的哺乳动物虽然种类少,但是受威胁哺乳动物的种类比例高。过度利用、生境丧失和人类干扰名列受威胁哺乳动物致危因子的前3位。自从1989年《中华人民共和国野生动物保护法》实施以来,一些中国濒危哺乳动物的生存状况得到了改善。然而,鉴于中国哺乳动物区系的独特性和多样性,以及中国地形地貌的复杂性,如何拯救这些濒危物种仍是中国生物多样性保护的一项艰巨任务。展开更多
On the basis of mammal’s high evolutionary rates and sensitivity to environment, this paper deals with the evolutionary history of the Chinese Cenozoic mammals and environ-mental changes, and explores the relationshi...On the basis of mammal’s high evolutionary rates and sensitivity to environment, this paper deals with the evolutionary history of the Chinese Cenozoic mammals and environ-mental changes, and explores the relationship between the uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and the evolution of zoogeographic provinces of China, through studying fossil mammal and the lithological characters of fossil-bearing beds. Evolutionary tendency and distribution of the mam-mals demonstrate that the uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang region, onset of the Asian monsoon and differentiation of the mammalian distribution probably initiated in Oligocene. The elevation of the Plateau seems to be a gradual and relatively stable process, and the uplift not only has resulted in significant environmental changes in Asia, but also caused distinct regional differentiation of mammals in China since the middle Miocene, and as a consequence the modern zoogeographic provinces gradually took shape.展开更多
Cryopreservation techniques for mammalian oocytes and embryos have rapidly progressed during the past two decades,emphasizing their importance in various assisted reproductive technologies.Pregnancies and live births ...Cryopreservation techniques for mammalian oocytes and embryos have rapidly progressed during the past two decades,emphasizing their importance in various assisted reproductive technologies.Pregnancies and live births resulting from cryopreserved oocytes and embryos of several species including humans have provided proof of principle and led to the adoption of cryopreservation as an integral part of clinical in vitro fertilization.Considerable progress has been achieved in the development and application of the cryopreservation of mammalian oocytes and embryos,including preservation of the reproductive potential of patients who may become infertile,establishment of cryopreserved oocyte banks,and transport of oocytes and embryos internationally.However,the success rates are still far lower than those obtained with fresh oocytes and embryos,and there are still obstacles that need to be overcome.In this review,we address the major obstacles in the development of effective cryopreservation techniques.Such knowledge may help to eliminate these hurdles by revealing which aspects need improvement.Furthermore,this information may encourage further research by cryobiologists and increase the practical use of cryopreservation as a major part of assisted reproductive technologies for both humans and animal species.展开更多
文摘中国哺乳动物区系有鲜明的特色:有青藏高原分布的特有种属,有第三纪孑遗动物——大熊猫科和白鱀豚科,世界一半以上的鼠兔科动物为中国特有种,中国还是世界有蹄类最丰富的国家。新世纪以来,世界哺乳动物分类体系发生了变化,中国也发现一批哺乳动物新种和新记录种。因此,有必要对中国哺乳动物多样性名录进行及时更新和完善。我们在《中国生物多样性红色名录·哺乳动物卷》的编研中,对中国哺乳动物的目级阶元采用在系统发育基因组学已经取得一致意见的方案;在科及以下阶元以《中国哺乳动物种与亚种分类名录与分布大全》和Mammal Species of the World:A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference(第3版)的分类系统为基础,有蹄类的分类采用Ungulate Taxonomy分类系统;收集整理了中国(包括台湾地区)所有哺乳动物资料,增加了截至2015年3月31日学术期刊发表的中国哺乳动物新种和新记录种,通过会议评审和通讯评审,调整了一些物种的名称和分类地位,确定了《中国哺乳动物名录(2015)》。该名录收录了中国现有哺乳动物12目55科245属673种,其中,新种18种(包括11种最近发现的或利用分子生物学方法确定的、尚有争议的新种)、新记录种18种、60个亚种提升为种。根据研究结果和专家意见,剔除了52种哺乳动物。此外,中国分类学家对新版名录中的20种啮类(Glires)的分类地位持不同意见,这些种类需要进一步研究。以《中国哺乳动物名录(2015)》收录的中国哺乳动物种数与其他国家比较,中国哺乳动物种数超过IUCN(2014)报道的世界哺乳动物排序第一的印度尼西亚(670种)。中国有150种特有哺乳动物,特有种比例为22.3%。兔形目特有种比例达43%,鼠兔科特有种比例更高达52%。劳亚食虫目的特有种比例为35%。中国灵长目、啮齿目和翼手目特有种比例约占各目总种数的1/5,翼手目特有种包�
文摘为初步探究青钱柳多糖(CPP)对高脂血症小鼠降血脂作用和机制,将高脂血症小鼠随机分为模型对照组、辛伐他汀组、空白对照组以及青钱柳低、中、高剂量组,每组16组。模型对照组与空白对照组均喂以等量的无菌水,辛伐他汀组喂以4 mg/kg的辛伐他汀与CMC-Na(0.5%)的混悬液,青钱柳低、中、高剂量组分别喂以100 mg/kg、200 mg/kg和400 mg/kg的CPP水溶液,连续喂养4周。实验结束后,测定血清TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C、FFA水平和LPS活力,取肝脏做病理形态学观察,用RT-PCR方法测定HSL m RNA的表达量。结果表明,与模型对照组相比,CPP组小鼠血清TC、TG、LDL-C的水平和LPS的活力(P<0.01)均显著降低,HDL-C和FFA的水平(P<0.01)则显著增加;CPP组小鼠肝脂变程度较模型组有不同程度的改善;相比于模型对照组,CPP组的HSL m RNA的表达量均显著上升(P<0.05)。综上,CPP可以明显降低高脂血症小鼠血脂水平,改善其因摄入过多脂质而导致肝脏脂肪变性。
文摘依据中国哺乳类野生种群与生境现状,我们利用IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria(Version 3.1),Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria和Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels(Version 4.0),评价了中国所有已知的673种哺乳动物的濒危状况。本次评估了71种《IUCN濒危物种红色名录(2015)》没有评估的哺乳动物,还评估了60种《IUCN濒危物种红色名录(2015)》误认为中国没有分布的哺乳动物。发现中国有3种哺乳动物"野外灭绝",3种"区域灭绝"。受威胁中国哺乳动物共计178种,约占评估物种总数的26.4%,高于IUCN濒危物种红色名录的物种平均受威胁率(21.8%)。中国哺乳动物1/4的特有种属于受威胁物种。受威胁比例最高的目是灵长目、食肉目与鲸偶蹄目。多数省区的受威胁哺乳动物物种占本省区哺乳动物总数的20–30%。中国哺乳动物种类多分布在中国第二级地理阶梯。生活在高海拔地区的哺乳动物虽然种类少,但是受威胁哺乳动物的种类比例高。过度利用、生境丧失和人类干扰名列受威胁哺乳动物致危因子的前3位。自从1989年《中华人民共和国野生动物保护法》实施以来,一些中国濒危哺乳动物的生存状况得到了改善。然而,鉴于中国哺乳动物区系的独特性和多样性,以及中国地形地貌的复杂性,如何拯救这些濒危物种仍是中国生物多样性保护的一项艰巨任务。
基金the Major Baic Reseah Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology cf China(Grant No.G2000777000) the Innovation Project of CAs(Grcnt No.KB120122).
文摘On the basis of mammal’s high evolutionary rates and sensitivity to environment, this paper deals with the evolutionary history of the Chinese Cenozoic mammals and environ-mental changes, and explores the relationship between the uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and the evolution of zoogeographic provinces of China, through studying fossil mammal and the lithological characters of fossil-bearing beds. Evolutionary tendency and distribution of the mam-mals demonstrate that the uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang region, onset of the Asian monsoon and differentiation of the mammalian distribution probably initiated in Oligocene. The elevation of the Plateau seems to be a gradual and relatively stable process, and the uplift not only has resulted in significant environmental changes in Asia, but also caused distinct regional differentiation of mammals in China since the middle Miocene, and as a consequence the modern zoogeographic provinces gradually took shape.
基金supported by grants from the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(2011AA100602)the National Science and Technology Major Project of China(2013ZX08007-004,2013ZX08008-004)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31371486)
文摘Cryopreservation techniques for mammalian oocytes and embryos have rapidly progressed during the past two decades,emphasizing their importance in various assisted reproductive technologies.Pregnancies and live births resulting from cryopreserved oocytes and embryos of several species including humans have provided proof of principle and led to the adoption of cryopreservation as an integral part of clinical in vitro fertilization.Considerable progress has been achieved in the development and application of the cryopreservation of mammalian oocytes and embryos,including preservation of the reproductive potential of patients who may become infertile,establishment of cryopreserved oocyte banks,and transport of oocytes and embryos internationally.However,the success rates are still far lower than those obtained with fresh oocytes and embryos,and there are still obstacles that need to be overcome.In this review,we address the major obstacles in the development of effective cryopreservation techniques.Such knowledge may help to eliminate these hurdles by revealing which aspects need improvement.Furthermore,this information may encourage further research by cryobiologists and increase the practical use of cryopreservation as a major part of assisted reproductive technologies for both humans and animal species.
