The permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG)-based wind farm with a modular multilevel converter (MMC) based HVDC system exhibits various oscillations and can experience dynamic instability due to the interaction...The permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG)-based wind farm with a modular multilevel converter (MMC) based HVDC system exhibits various oscillations and can experience dynamic instability due to the interactions between different controllers of the wind farm and MMC stations, which have not been properly examined in the existing literatures. This paper presents a dynamic modeling approach for small signal stability analysis of PMSG-based wind farms with a MMC- HVDC system. The small signal model of the study system is validated by the comprehensive electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulations in PSCAD/EMTDC. Then the eigenvalue approach and participation factors analysis are utilized to comprehensively evaluate the impact of different controllers, system’s parameters and the circulating current suppressing controller (CCSC) on the small signal stability of the entire system. From eigenvalue analysis, it is revealed that as the output active power of the wind farm increases within the rated range, the overall system will exhibit a sub-synchronous oscillation (SSO) instability mode, an extremely weak damping mode, and a low frequency oscillation instability mode. From participation factors analysis, it is observed that the SSO mode and weak damping mode are primarily related to the internal dynamics of the MMC, which can be suppressed or improved by CCSC. It is determined that the low frequency oscillation mode is primarily caused by the interactions between the phase locked loop (PLL) control of the wind farm and the voltage and frequency (V-F) control of the MMC station. The analysis also depicts that the larger proportional gain value of the V-F control of the MMC station and smaller PLL bandwidth of the wind farm can enhance the small signal stability of the entire system.展开更多
This paper presents a comprehensive survey of fault diagnosis and fault tolerant approaches for permanent magnet synchronous machines(PMSM).PMSMs are prominent in the pervading usage of electric motors,for their high ...This paper presents a comprehensive survey of fault diagnosis and fault tolerant approaches for permanent magnet synchronous machines(PMSM).PMSMs are prominent in the pervading usage of electric motors,for their high efficiency,great robustness,reliability and low torque inertia.In spite of their extensive appliance,they can be quite non-resilient and inadequate in operation when faults appear in motor drive apparatus such as inverters,stator windings,sensors,etc.These may lead to insulation failure,torque fluctuations,overcurrent or even system collapse.On that account,fault diagnosis and fault tolerant methods are equipped to enhance the stability and robustness in PMSMs.Progressive methodologies of PMSM fault diagnosis and tolerance are classified,discussed,reviewed and compared in this paper,beginning with mat hematical modeling of PMSM and then scrutinizing various fault conditions in PMSMs.Finally,the scope of research on the topic is highlighted.The contribution of this review is to emphasize optimistic schemes and to assist researchers with the latest trends in this field for future directions.展开更多
Homogeneous substitution of Dy for Nd in the hard magnetic 2:14:1 phase can effectively enhance coercivity to ensure the high temperature operation,however,inevitably deteriorate remanence at expense.In this work,we p...Homogeneous substitution of Dy for Nd in the hard magnetic 2:14:1 phase can effectively enhance coercivity to ensure the high temperature operation,however,inevitably deteriorate remanence at expense.In this work,we performed a comparative investigation of the two magnets prepared by multimain-phase(co-sintering Nd_(2)Fe_(14)B and(Nd,Dy)_(2)Fe_(14)B powders)and single-main-phase(sintering(Nd,Dy)_(2)Fe_(14)B powders)approaches.The comparative investigation reveals that at the same Dy substitution level(2.16 wt%),such chemically inhomogeneous multi-main-phase magnet possesses better roomtemperature magnetic properties as well as thermal stability than those of the single-main-phase one with homogenous Dy distribution in the matrix grains.Room-temperature magnetic properties H_(Cj)=1664 kA/m,B_(r)=1.33 T and(BH)_(max)=350.4 kJ/m^(3)for the multi-main-phase magnet are all better than those for the single-main-phase magnet with H_(Cj)=1536 kA/m,B_(r)=1.29 T and(BH)_(max)=318.4 kj/m^(3).In addition,over the temperature range from 295 to 423 K,both the temperature coefficients of coercivity and remanence for the multi-main-phase magnet are also lower than that for the single-main-phase magnet.Such superior magnetic performance is attributed to the short-range magnetic interactions inside individual 2:14:1 phase grains and the long-range magnetostatic interactions between adjacent grains with inhomogeneous Dy distribution.Our work provides a feasible approach of enhancing coercivity and retaining energy product simultaneously in the Nd-Dy-Fe-B permanent magnets.展开更多
To improve the coercivity and temperature stability of Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets for high-temperature applications,the eutectic Tb_(80)Fe_(20)(wt%)alloy powders were added into the Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets by intergran...To improve the coercivity and temperature stability of Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets for high-temperature applications,the eutectic Tb_(80)Fe_(20)(wt%)alloy powders were added into the Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets by intergranular method to enhance the coercivity(H_(cj))and thermal stability.The micro structure,magnetic properties and thermal stability of the Nd-Fe-B magnets with different Tb_(80)Fe_(20)contents were studied.The experimental results demonstrate that the coercivity(H_(cj))of the sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet is significantly enhanced from 14.12 to 27.78 kOe,and the remanence(Br)decreases not obviously by introducing 4 wt%Tb_(80)Fe_(20)alloy.Meanwhile,the reversible tempe rature coefficients of coercivity(β)and remanence(α)of the Nd-Fe-B magnets are increased from-0.5634%/℃to-0.4506%/℃and-0.1276%/℃to-0.1199%/℃at 20-170℃,respectively.The Curie temperature(TC)of the Nd-Fe-B magnet is slightly enhanced with the increase of Tb_(80)Fe_(20)content.Moreover,the irreversible flux magnetic loss(hirr)is obviously reduced as Tb80Fe20addition increases.Further analysis of the microstructure reveals that a modified microstructure,i.e.clear and continuous RE-rich grain boundary layer,is acquired in the sintered magnets by introducing Tb_(80)Fe_(20)alloy.The associated mechanisms on improved coercivity and thermal stability were comprehensively researched.展开更多
A transient multi-physics model incorporated with an electromagneto-thermomechanical coupling is developed to capture the multi-field behavior of a single-pancake(SP)insert no-insulation(NI)coil in a hybrid magnet dur...A transient multi-physics model incorporated with an electromagneto-thermomechanical coupling is developed to capture the multi-field behavior of a single-pancake(SP)insert no-insulation(NI)coil in a hybrid magnet during the charging and discharging processes.The coupled problem is resolved by means of the finite element method(FEM)for the magneto-thermo-elastic behaviors and the Runge-Kutta method for the transient responses of the electrical circuits of the hybrid superconducting magnet system.The results reveal that the transient multi-physics responses of the insert NI coil primarily depend on the charging/discharging procedure of the hybrid magnet.Moreover,a reverse azimuthal current and a compressive hoop stress are induced in the insert NI coil during the charging process,while a forward azimuthal current and a tensile hoop stress are observed during the discharging process.The induced voltages in the insert NI coil can drive the currents flowing across the radial turns where the contact resistance exists.Therefore,it brings forth significant Joule heat,causing a temperature rise and a uniform distribution of this heat in the coil turns.Accordingly,a thermally/mechanically unstable or quenching event may be encountered when a high operating current is flowing in the insert NI coil.It is numerically predicted that a quick charging will induce a compressive hoop stress which may bring a risk of buckling instability in the coil,while a discharging will not.The simulations provide an insight of hybrid superconducting magnets under transient start-up or shutdown phases which are inevitably encountered in practical applications.展开更多
文摘The permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG)-based wind farm with a modular multilevel converter (MMC) based HVDC system exhibits various oscillations and can experience dynamic instability due to the interactions between different controllers of the wind farm and MMC stations, which have not been properly examined in the existing literatures. This paper presents a dynamic modeling approach for small signal stability analysis of PMSG-based wind farms with a MMC- HVDC system. The small signal model of the study system is validated by the comprehensive electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulations in PSCAD/EMTDC. Then the eigenvalue approach and participation factors analysis are utilized to comprehensively evaluate the impact of different controllers, system’s parameters and the circulating current suppressing controller (CCSC) on the small signal stability of the entire system. From eigenvalue analysis, it is revealed that as the output active power of the wind farm increases within the rated range, the overall system will exhibit a sub-synchronous oscillation (SSO) instability mode, an extremely weak damping mode, and a low frequency oscillation instability mode. From participation factors analysis, it is observed that the SSO mode and weak damping mode are primarily related to the internal dynamics of the MMC, which can be suppressed or improved by CCSC. It is determined that the low frequency oscillation mode is primarily caused by the interactions between the phase locked loop (PLL) control of the wind farm and the voltage and frequency (V-F) control of the MMC station. The analysis also depicts that the larger proportional gain value of the V-F control of the MMC station and smaller PLL bandwidth of the wind farm can enhance the small signal stability of the entire system.
文摘This paper presents a comprehensive survey of fault diagnosis and fault tolerant approaches for permanent magnet synchronous machines(PMSM).PMSMs are prominent in the pervading usage of electric motors,for their high efficiency,great robustness,reliability and low torque inertia.In spite of their extensive appliance,they can be quite non-resilient and inadequate in operation when faults appear in motor drive apparatus such as inverters,stator windings,sensors,etc.These may lead to insulation failure,torque fluctuations,overcurrent or even system collapse.On that account,fault diagnosis and fault tolerant methods are equipped to enhance the stability and robustness in PMSMs.Progressive methodologies of PMSM fault diagnosis and tolerance are classified,discussed,reviewed and compared in this paper,beginning with mat hematical modeling of PMSM and then scrutinizing various fault conditions in PMSMs.Finally,the scope of research on the topic is highlighted.The contribution of this review is to emphasize optimistic schemes and to assist researchers with the latest trends in this field for future directions.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51601177,51871174,51801047)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province of China(LQ.19E010005)+1 种基金the Ten Thousand Talents Plan of Zhejiang Province(2018R52003)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial University of Zhejiang(GK199900299012-022)。
文摘Homogeneous substitution of Dy for Nd in the hard magnetic 2:14:1 phase can effectively enhance coercivity to ensure the high temperature operation,however,inevitably deteriorate remanence at expense.In this work,we performed a comparative investigation of the two magnets prepared by multimain-phase(co-sintering Nd_(2)Fe_(14)B and(Nd,Dy)_(2)Fe_(14)B powders)and single-main-phase(sintering(Nd,Dy)_(2)Fe_(14)B powders)approaches.The comparative investigation reveals that at the same Dy substitution level(2.16 wt%),such chemically inhomogeneous multi-main-phase magnet possesses better roomtemperature magnetic properties as well as thermal stability than those of the single-main-phase one with homogenous Dy distribution in the matrix grains.Room-temperature magnetic properties H_(Cj)=1664 kA/m,B_(r)=1.33 T and(BH)_(max)=350.4 kJ/m^(3)for the multi-main-phase magnet are all better than those for the single-main-phase magnet with H_(Cj)=1536 kA/m,B_(r)=1.29 T and(BH)_(max)=318.4 kj/m^(3).In addition,over the temperature range from 295 to 423 K,both the temperature coefficients of coercivity and remanence for the multi-main-phase magnet are also lower than that for the single-main-phase magnet.Such superior magnetic performance is attributed to the short-range magnetic interactions inside individual 2:14:1 phase grains and the long-range magnetostatic interactions between adjacent grains with inhomogeneous Dy distribution.Our work provides a feasible approach of enhancing coercivity and retaining energy product simultaneously in the Nd-Dy-Fe-B permanent magnets.
基金Project partly supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province,China(201801D121100)the Program for the Outstanding Innovative Teams of Higher Learning Institutions of Shanxi(OIT)the Scientific and Technological Innovation Programs of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi(STIP)(201802033)。
文摘To improve the coercivity and temperature stability of Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets for high-temperature applications,the eutectic Tb_(80)Fe_(20)(wt%)alloy powders were added into the Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets by intergranular method to enhance the coercivity(H_(cj))and thermal stability.The micro structure,magnetic properties and thermal stability of the Nd-Fe-B magnets with different Tb_(80)Fe_(20)contents were studied.The experimental results demonstrate that the coercivity(H_(cj))of the sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet is significantly enhanced from 14.12 to 27.78 kOe,and the remanence(Br)decreases not obviously by introducing 4 wt%Tb_(80)Fe_(20)alloy.Meanwhile,the reversible tempe rature coefficients of coercivity(β)and remanence(α)of the Nd-Fe-B magnets are increased from-0.5634%/℃to-0.4506%/℃and-0.1276%/℃to-0.1199%/℃at 20-170℃,respectively.The Curie temperature(TC)of the Nd-Fe-B magnet is slightly enhanced with the increase of Tb_(80)Fe_(20)content.Moreover,the irreversible flux magnetic loss(hirr)is obviously reduced as Tb80Fe20addition increases.Further analysis of the microstructure reveals that a modified microstructure,i.e.clear and continuous RE-rich grain boundary layer,is acquired in the sintered magnets by introducing Tb_(80)Fe_(20)alloy.The associated mechanisms on improved coercivity and thermal stability were comprehensively researched.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11932008 and 11672120)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(No.lzujbky-2022-kb01)。
文摘A transient multi-physics model incorporated with an electromagneto-thermomechanical coupling is developed to capture the multi-field behavior of a single-pancake(SP)insert no-insulation(NI)coil in a hybrid magnet during the charging and discharging processes.The coupled problem is resolved by means of the finite element method(FEM)for the magneto-thermo-elastic behaviors and the Runge-Kutta method for the transient responses of the electrical circuits of the hybrid superconducting magnet system.The results reveal that the transient multi-physics responses of the insert NI coil primarily depend on the charging/discharging procedure of the hybrid magnet.Moreover,a reverse azimuthal current and a compressive hoop stress are induced in the insert NI coil during the charging process,while a forward azimuthal current and a tensile hoop stress are observed during the discharging process.The induced voltages in the insert NI coil can drive the currents flowing across the radial turns where the contact resistance exists.Therefore,it brings forth significant Joule heat,causing a temperature rise and a uniform distribution of this heat in the coil turns.Accordingly,a thermally/mechanically unstable or quenching event may be encountered when a high operating current is flowing in the insert NI coil.It is numerically predicted that a quick charging will induce a compressive hoop stress which may bring a risk of buckling instability in the coil,while a discharging will not.The simulations provide an insight of hybrid superconducting magnets under transient start-up or shutdown phases which are inevitably encountered in practical applications.
