Background:It is well known that stretch training can induce prolonged increases in joint range of motion(ROM).However,to date more information is needed regarding which training variables might have greater influence...Background:It is well known that stretch training can induce prolonged increases in joint range of motion(ROM).However,to date more information is needed regarding which training variables might have greater influence on improvements in flexibility.Thus,the purpose of this metaanalysis was to investigate the effects of stretch training on ROM in healthy participants by considering potential moderating variables,such as stretching technique,intensity,duration,frequency,and muscles stretched,as well as sex-specific,age-specific,and/or trained state-specific adaptations to stretch training.Methods:We searched through PubMed,Scopus,Web of Science,and SportDiscus to find eligible studies and,finally,assessed the results from 77 studies and 186 effect sizes by applying a random-effect meta-analysis.Moreover,by applying a mixed-effect model,we performed the respective subgroup analyses.To find potential relationships between stretch duration or age and effect sizes,we performed a meta-regression.Results:We found a significant overall effect,indicating that stretch training can increase ROM with a moderate effect compared to the controls(effect size=-1.002;Z=-12.074;95%confidence interval:-1.165 to-0.840;p<0.001;I^(2)=74.97).Subgroup analysis showed a significant difference between the stretching techniques(p=0.01)indicating that proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation and static stretching produced greater ROM than did ballistic/dynamic stretching.Moreover,there was a significant effect between the sexes(p=0.04),indicating that females showed higher gains in ROM compared to males.However,further moderating analysis showed no significant relation or difference.Conclusion:When the goal is to maximize ROM in the long term,proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation or static stretching,rather than ballistic/dynamic stretching,should be applied.Something to consider in future research as well as sports practice is that neither volume,intensity,nor frequency of stretching were found to play a significant role in ROM yields.展开更多
返回抑制(Inhibition of return,IOR)是指当线索-靶子的时隔大于约300 ms时,被试对呈现在线索化位置的靶子相较对出现在非线索化位置的靶子而言反应更慢的现象。新近抑制标签(Inhibitory tagging,IT)理论指出,除返回抑制外,一个由前额...返回抑制(Inhibition of return,IOR)是指当线索-靶子的时隔大于约300 ms时,被试对呈现在线索化位置的靶子相较对出现在非线索化位置的靶子而言反应更慢的现象。新近抑制标签(Inhibitory tagging,IT)理论指出,除返回抑制外,一个由前额叶执行控制系统负责的抑制标签机制也作用于先前线索化位置,起着暂时中断刺激-反应链接的作用。然而,迄今为止,该理论的关键假设—"抑制标签一定程度上独立于返回抑制发挥作用"还未有来自常规被试研究的支持。结合线索-靶子和Stroop范式,采用8(训练天数)×2(线索-靶子关系)×3(色字一致性)的三因素被试内实验设计,通过连续8天的长时训练对常规被试的返回抑制和抑制标签功能在学习可塑性上的差别进行考察。结果发现,返回抑制随着练习的增加呈现出了显著降低的趋势,而抑制标签并未随着练习的变化而变化。研究结果表明返回抑制和抑制标签在一定程度上可以相互分离,为抑制标签理论的关键假设提供了重要的来自常规被试的证据。展开更多
基金supported by a grant(Project J 4484)from the Austrian Science Fund(AK)the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada:RGPIN-2023-05861(DGB)。
文摘Background:It is well known that stretch training can induce prolonged increases in joint range of motion(ROM).However,to date more information is needed regarding which training variables might have greater influence on improvements in flexibility.Thus,the purpose of this metaanalysis was to investigate the effects of stretch training on ROM in healthy participants by considering potential moderating variables,such as stretching technique,intensity,duration,frequency,and muscles stretched,as well as sex-specific,age-specific,and/or trained state-specific adaptations to stretch training.Methods:We searched through PubMed,Scopus,Web of Science,and SportDiscus to find eligible studies and,finally,assessed the results from 77 studies and 186 effect sizes by applying a random-effect meta-analysis.Moreover,by applying a mixed-effect model,we performed the respective subgroup analyses.To find potential relationships between stretch duration or age and effect sizes,we performed a meta-regression.Results:We found a significant overall effect,indicating that stretch training can increase ROM with a moderate effect compared to the controls(effect size=-1.002;Z=-12.074;95%confidence interval:-1.165 to-0.840;p<0.001;I^(2)=74.97).Subgroup analysis showed a significant difference between the stretching techniques(p=0.01)indicating that proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation and static stretching produced greater ROM than did ballistic/dynamic stretching.Moreover,there was a significant effect between the sexes(p=0.04),indicating that females showed higher gains in ROM compared to males.However,further moderating analysis showed no significant relation or difference.Conclusion:When the goal is to maximize ROM in the long term,proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation or static stretching,rather than ballistic/dynamic stretching,should be applied.Something to consider in future research as well as sports practice is that neither volume,intensity,nor frequency of stretching were found to play a significant role in ROM yields.
文摘返回抑制(Inhibition of return,IOR)是指当线索-靶子的时隔大于约300 ms时,被试对呈现在线索化位置的靶子相较对出现在非线索化位置的靶子而言反应更慢的现象。新近抑制标签(Inhibitory tagging,IT)理论指出,除返回抑制外,一个由前额叶执行控制系统负责的抑制标签机制也作用于先前线索化位置,起着暂时中断刺激-反应链接的作用。然而,迄今为止,该理论的关键假设—"抑制标签一定程度上独立于返回抑制发挥作用"还未有来自常规被试研究的支持。结合线索-靶子和Stroop范式,采用8(训练天数)×2(线索-靶子关系)×3(色字一致性)的三因素被试内实验设计,通过连续8天的长时训练对常规被试的返回抑制和抑制标签功能在学习可塑性上的差别进行考察。结果发现,返回抑制随着练习的增加呈现出了显著降低的趋势,而抑制标签并未随着练习的变化而变化。研究结果表明返回抑制和抑制标签在一定程度上可以相互分离,为抑制标签理论的关键假设提供了重要的来自常规被试的证据。
