针对某850 k W型号风机机舱中齿轮箱油、变压器油和液压油,分别在15 k W/m^2、25 k W/m^2、35 k W/m^2、50 k W/m^2和75 k W/m^2等外加热辐射通量下采用小型锥形量热仪测量其点燃时间(tig),并计算其临界热辐射通量(CHF或6)q″cr)和着火...针对某850 k W型号风机机舱中齿轮箱油、变压器油和液压油,分别在15 k W/m^2、25 k W/m^2、35 k W/m^2、50 k W/m^2和75 k W/m^2等外加热辐射通量下采用小型锥形量热仪测量其点燃时间(tig),并计算其临界热辐射通量(CHF或6)q″cr)和着火温度,从着火性对典型液态油品潜在火灾危险性进行评价。结果表明:相同材料不同外加热辐射功率下,齿轮箱油、变压器油和液压油tig随外加热辐射通量增大而减小且均在75 k W/m^2时最短,在15~75 k W/m^2范围,tig下降幅度分别是96.32%、96.97%、93.29%;不同材料相同外加热辐射通量下,液压油在低外加热辐射通量(15 k W/m^2)下tig最小,变压器油在高外加热辐射通量(25 k W/m^2、35 k W/m^2、50 k W/m^2、70 k W/m^2)下tig最小且下降幅度最大(96.97%);齿轮箱油、变压器油和液压油6)q″cr分别是9.23 k W/m^2、6.43 k W/m^2、4.92 k W/m^2;齿轮箱油、变压器油和液压油的Tig分别是352.04℃、306.16℃、268.59℃;基于着火性评价指标,潜在火灾危险性从大到小排序为液压油、变压器油、齿轮箱油。展开更多
A phase-field model with forced liquid metal flow was employed to study the effect of boundary heat flux on the dendritic structure forming of a Ni-40.8%Cu alloy with liquid flow during solidification.The effect of th...A phase-field model with forced liquid metal flow was employed to study the effect of boundary heat flux on the dendritic structure forming of a Ni-40.8%Cu alloy with liquid flow during solidification.The effect of the flow field coupling with boundary heat extractions on the morphology change and distributions of concentration and temperature fields was analyzed and discussed.The forced liquid flow could significantly affect the dendrite morphology,concentration and temperature distributions in the solidifying microstructure.And coupling with boundary heat extraction,the solute segregation and concentration diffusion were changed with different heat flux.The morphology,concentration and temperature distributions were significantly influenced by increasing the heat extraction,which could relatively make the effect of liquid flow constrained.With increasing the initial velocity of liquid flow,the lopsided rate of the primary dendrite arm was enlarged and the transition of developing manner of the secondary arms moved to the large heat extraction direction.It was the competition between heat flux and forced liquid flow that finally determined microstructure forming during solidification.展开更多
Dissolved black carbon(DBC)includes the water-soluble component of black carbon and/or its degradation products.It is a hydrophobic organic compound due to its thick cyclic aromatic structure and can therefore be pres...Dissolved black carbon(DBC)includes the water-soluble component of black carbon and/or its degradation products.It is a hydrophobic organic compound due to its thick cyclic aromatic structure and can therefore be present as particulate DBC(PDBC)on suspended particulate matter or particulate organic matter.PDBC is not equivalent to particulate black carbon(PBC)and is thus often overlooked when researchers measure PBC in particulate matter using current conventional methods.Consequently,the amount of DBC in nature is likely underestimated in many studies and the reliability of current findings on the geochemical behavior of DBC is subject to challenge.In this study,we attempted to draw the solid-liquid partition coefficient(K_(d),PDBC/DBC)based on detailed data on PBC,DBC,particulate organic carbon,total suspended solids,dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface waters of the Bohai Sea.The obtained K_(d)was in the range of 0.018-0.072.Accordingly,the concentrations of PDBC were 1.637-6.449μg C L^(-1).The estimated inventory of PDBC on suspended particulate matter in the Bohai Sea was 2.049-8.194 Gg,which was lower than that of PBC(15.16 Gg)but of the same order of magnitude.These results indicate that PDBC is an important form of DBC in the Bohai Sea.Quantitative results of DBC fluxes between the dissolved and particulate phases will benefit our understanding of DBC transport and fates in the ocean.展开更多
The spray characteristics of a full-cone pressure swirl nozzle have been investigated in this study.The results were defined by Reynolds number,which focuses on the breakup of liquid film,droplet size,velocity,and liq...The spray characteristics of a full-cone pressure swirl nozzle have been investigated in this study.The results were defined by Reynolds number,which focuses on the breakup of liquid film,droplet size,velocity,and liquid volume flux under different Reynolds numbers at the near-field spray.The spray structure was visualized using a high-speed camera,and the characteristics of droplets were measured using a Phase Doppler Anemometer(PDA)in both the radial and axial directions.The tests were carried out at varying spray pressures(0.2 to 1.0 MPa),corresponding to different Reynolds numbers(5369 to 12006).It was found that when the Reynolds number rises,the liquid became more unstable after leaving the nozzle,causing the liquid film to break up faster.According to the measurements of PDA,the coalescence of droplets increased due to the centrifugal effect.What’s more,the velocity of the droplets fluctuates significantly in the radial direction,and the droplets with a smaller particle size had a higher average velocity.From the perspective of liquid distribution,the increase in Reynolds number caused the spray liquid to move in the radial direction gradually.In contrast,the liquid volume distribution changed in the radial direction more obviously than in the axial direction,growing to the maximum along the radial direction and gradually reducing.It can provide a reference for selecting operating parameters for actual agricultural spray operations and the design of electrostatic nozzles through the research on breakup and droplet characteristics.展开更多
A soft-measuring approach is presented to measure the flux of liquid zinc with high temperature andcausticity. By constructing mathematical model based on neural networks, weighing the mass of liquid zinc, the fluxof ...A soft-measuring approach is presented to measure the flux of liquid zinc with high temperature andcausticity. By constructing mathematical model based on neural networks, weighing the mass of liquid zinc, the fluxof liquid zinc is acquired indirectly, the measuring on line and flux control are realized. Simulation results and indus-trial practice demonstrate that the relative error between the estimated flux value and practical measured flux value islower than 1.5%, meeting the need of industrial process.展开更多
Pd81Si19 amorphous alloys were prepared by combination methods of melt spinning and B2O3 flux treatment. A compari- son between the ribbons prepared from the fluxed ingots and the non-fluxed ones has been carried out....Pd81Si19 amorphous alloys were prepared by combination methods of melt spinning and B2O3 flux treatment. A compari- son between the ribbons prepared from the fluxed ingots and the non-fluxed ones has been carried out. The result reveals that after fluxing treatment the glass transition temperature of the as-prepared glassy ribbons is reduced while the initial crystallization tem- perature is enhanced. It results in that the supercooled liquid region (defined as the difference between the initial crystallization tem- perature and the glass transition temperature) of the glassy alloy treated with fluxing technology has been increased from 31 to 42 K. This shows that fluxing technique can enhance the glass forming ability (GFA) of the binary alloy and improve the thermal stability of supercooled liquid of the glassy alloy.展开更多
Based on the high-resolution datasets collected in a sea fog field experiment at the northern coast of South China Sea,the variations of liquid water content (LWC) and net longwave radiation flux (NLRF) during two sea...Based on the high-resolution datasets collected in a sea fog field experiment at the northern coast of South China Sea,the variations of liquid water content (LWC) and net longwave radiation flux (NLRF) during two sea fog events on 16th-17th and 18th-19th March,2008 are exaimeed by wavelet analysis,and the cooling mechanisms for fog formation and persistence are also investigated.The main results are shown as follows.(1) Sea fog may develop and persist whether it is cloudy or not aloft.However,when there is cloud aloft the LWC is less and wind speed in sea fog is higher than that in the clear sky.(2) The quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) of NLRF are observed in the formation stage of the two fogs.QPOs of LWC are only found in the developing stage no matter with cloudless or cloudy condition.(3) It is likely that sea fog forms by the cooling effects of longwave radiation and develops through the vertical mixing induced by the radiative cooling at the upper level.(4) During sea fog development and persistence,other mechanisms could also play important roles in fog-layer cooling,such as turbulent heat transport and radiation transport between air-sea interfaces.展开更多
Monoclinic SrAl_(2)Si_(2)O_(8) ceramics for Sr immobilization were prepared by a liquid-phase sintering method.The sintering temperature,mineral phase composition,microstructure,flexural strength,bulk density,and Sr i...Monoclinic SrAl_(2)Si_(2)O_(8) ceramics for Sr immobilization were prepared by a liquid-phase sintering method.The sintering temperature,mineral phase composition,microstructure,flexural strength,bulk density,and Sr ion leaching characteristics of the SrAl_(2)Si_(2)O_(8) ceramics were investigated.A crystalline monoclinic SrAl_(2)Si_(2)O_(8) phase formed through liquid-phase sintering at 1223 K.The introduction of four flux agents(B_(2)O_(3),CaO·2B_(2)O_(3),SrO·2B_(2)O_(3),and BaO·2B_(2)O_(3))to the SrAl_(2)Si_(2)O_(8) ceramics not only reduced the densification temperature and decreased the volatilization of Sr during high-temperature sintering but also impacted the mechanical properties of the ceramics.Product consistency tests showed that the leaching concentration of Sr ions in the sample with flux agent B_(2)O_(3) was the lowest,whereas that of Sr ions in the sample with flux agent BaO·2B_(2)O_(3) was the highest.These results show that the leaching concentration of Sr ions depends largely on the amorphous phase in the ceramics.Meanwhile,the formation of mineral analog ceramics containing Sr is an important factor to improve Sr immobilization.展开更多
针对产油微生物细胞采收难度大,能耗高的问题,采用金属超滤膜系统对圆红冬孢酵母发酵液进行浓缩和膜污染后通量恢复研究。结果表明在过滤时间2h、过滤温度35℃、p H 6.3、膜面流速5m/s、系统压力0.4MPa时,圆红冬孢酵母分离效果最佳,在...针对产油微生物细胞采收难度大,能耗高的问题,采用金属超滤膜系统对圆红冬孢酵母发酵液进行浓缩和膜污染后通量恢复研究。结果表明在过滤时间2h、过滤温度35℃、p H 6.3、膜面流速5m/s、系统压力0.4MPa时,圆红冬孢酵母分离效果最佳,在此条件下进行过滤,平均膜通量达120L/m2·h,与之前相比提高了20-37%。膜污染后先使用添加1%Na OH和0.5%EDTA的碱溶液清洗,然后使用清水洗至中性,再使用添加0.5%HNO3的酸溶液清洗,能够使金属膜通量恢复率达到99%以上。以上结果表明,金属膜可以应用于圆红冬孢酵母发酵液的浓缩,能够简化操作步骤、提高生产效率。展开更多
文摘针对某850 k W型号风机机舱中齿轮箱油、变压器油和液压油,分别在15 k W/m^2、25 k W/m^2、35 k W/m^2、50 k W/m^2和75 k W/m^2等外加热辐射通量下采用小型锥形量热仪测量其点燃时间(tig),并计算其临界热辐射通量(CHF或6)q″cr)和着火温度,从着火性对典型液态油品潜在火灾危险性进行评价。结果表明:相同材料不同外加热辐射功率下,齿轮箱油、变压器油和液压油tig随外加热辐射通量增大而减小且均在75 k W/m^2时最短,在15~75 k W/m^2范围,tig下降幅度分别是96.32%、96.97%、93.29%;不同材料相同外加热辐射通量下,液压油在低外加热辐射通量(15 k W/m^2)下tig最小,变压器油在高外加热辐射通量(25 k W/m^2、35 k W/m^2、50 k W/m^2、70 k W/m^2)下tig最小且下降幅度最大(96.97%);齿轮箱油、变压器油和液压油6)q″cr分别是9.23 k W/m^2、6.43 k W/m^2、4.92 k W/m^2;齿轮箱油、变压器油和液压油的Tig分别是352.04℃、306.16℃、268.59℃;基于着火性评价指标,潜在火灾危险性从大到小排序为液压油、变压器油、齿轮箱油。
基金supported by the NPU Foundation of Fundamental Research,China(Grant No.JC201272)
文摘A phase-field model with forced liquid metal flow was employed to study the effect of boundary heat flux on the dendritic structure forming of a Ni-40.8%Cu alloy with liquid flow during solidification.The effect of the flow field coupling with boundary heat extractions on the morphology change and distributions of concentration and temperature fields was analyzed and discussed.The forced liquid flow could significantly affect the dendrite morphology,concentration and temperature distributions in the solidifying microstructure.And coupling with boundary heat extraction,the solute segregation and concentration diffusion were changed with different heat flux.The morphology,concentration and temperature distributions were significantly influenced by increasing the heat extraction,which could relatively make the effect of liquid flow constrained.With increasing the initial velocity of liquid flow,the lopsided rate of the primary dendrite arm was enlarged and the transition of developing manner of the secondary arms moved to the large heat extraction direction.It was the competition between heat flux and forced liquid flow that finally determined microstructure forming during solidification.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42076205)。
文摘Dissolved black carbon(DBC)includes the water-soluble component of black carbon and/or its degradation products.It is a hydrophobic organic compound due to its thick cyclic aromatic structure and can therefore be present as particulate DBC(PDBC)on suspended particulate matter or particulate organic matter.PDBC is not equivalent to particulate black carbon(PBC)and is thus often overlooked when researchers measure PBC in particulate matter using current conventional methods.Consequently,the amount of DBC in nature is likely underestimated in many studies and the reliability of current findings on the geochemical behavior of DBC is subject to challenge.In this study,we attempted to draw the solid-liquid partition coefficient(K_(d),PDBC/DBC)based on detailed data on PBC,DBC,particulate organic carbon,total suspended solids,dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface waters of the Bohai Sea.The obtained K_(d)was in the range of 0.018-0.072.Accordingly,the concentrations of PDBC were 1.637-6.449μg C L^(-1).The estimated inventory of PDBC on suspended particulate matter in the Bohai Sea was 2.049-8.194 Gg,which was lower than that of PBC(15.16 Gg)but of the same order of magnitude.These results indicate that PDBC is an important form of DBC in the Bohai Sea.Quantitative results of DBC fluxes between the dissolved and particulate phases will benefit our understanding of DBC transport and fates in the ocean.
基金support provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31971797)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32271997)+3 种基金China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-26)General Program of Guang-dong Natural Science Foundation(2021A1515010923)Guangdong Provincial Special Fund For Modern Agriculture Industry Technology Innovation Teams(Grant No.2023KJ108)Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(2023B 0202090001).
文摘The spray characteristics of a full-cone pressure swirl nozzle have been investigated in this study.The results were defined by Reynolds number,which focuses on the breakup of liquid film,droplet size,velocity,and liquid volume flux under different Reynolds numbers at the near-field spray.The spray structure was visualized using a high-speed camera,and the characteristics of droplets were measured using a Phase Doppler Anemometer(PDA)in both the radial and axial directions.The tests were carried out at varying spray pressures(0.2 to 1.0 MPa),corresponding to different Reynolds numbers(5369 to 12006).It was found that when the Reynolds number rises,the liquid became more unstable after leaving the nozzle,causing the liquid film to break up faster.According to the measurements of PDA,the coalescence of droplets increased due to the centrifugal effect.What’s more,the velocity of the droplets fluctuates significantly in the radial direction,and the droplets with a smaller particle size had a higher average velocity.From the perspective of liquid distribution,the increase in Reynolds number caused the spray liquid to move in the radial direction gradually.In contrast,the liquid volume distribution changed in the radial direction more obviously than in the axial direction,growing to the maximum along the radial direction and gradually reducing.It can provide a reference for selecting operating parameters for actual agricultural spray operations and the design of electrostatic nozzles through the research on breakup and droplet characteristics.
基金Project (201AA411040) supported by National Plan and Development Committee.
文摘A soft-measuring approach is presented to measure the flux of liquid zinc with high temperature andcausticity. By constructing mathematical model based on neural networks, weighing the mass of liquid zinc, the fluxof liquid zinc is acquired indirectly, the measuring on line and flux control are realized. Simulation results and indus-trial practice demonstrate that the relative error between the estimated flux value and practical measured flux value islower than 1.5%, meeting the need of industrial process.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50431030, 50671050)the Basic Science Research Foundation of Tsinghua University (No.091201107)the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China.
文摘Pd81Si19 amorphous alloys were prepared by combination methods of melt spinning and B2O3 flux treatment. A compari- son between the ribbons prepared from the fluxed ingots and the non-fluxed ones has been carried out. The result reveals that after fluxing treatment the glass transition temperature of the as-prepared glassy ribbons is reduced while the initial crystallization tem- perature is enhanced. It results in that the supercooled liquid region (defined as the difference between the initial crystallization tem- perature and the glass transition temperature) of the glassy alloy treated with fluxing technology has been increased from 31 to 42 K. This shows that fluxing technique can enhance the glass forming ability (GFA) of the binary alloy and improve the thermal stability of supercooled liquid of the glassy alloy.
基金Natural Science Foundation of China (40675013,40906010)The projects for Science and Technology in Guangdong Province "Pearl River Estuary Monitoring and Early Warning System for Sea Fog"Scientific and Technological Planning Project from Guangdong Province (2006B37202005)
文摘Based on the high-resolution datasets collected in a sea fog field experiment at the northern coast of South China Sea,the variations of liquid water content (LWC) and net longwave radiation flux (NLRF) during two sea fog events on 16th-17th and 18th-19th March,2008 are exaimeed by wavelet analysis,and the cooling mechanisms for fog formation and persistence are also investigated.The main results are shown as follows.(1) Sea fog may develop and persist whether it is cloudy or not aloft.However,when there is cloud aloft the LWC is less and wind speed in sea fog is higher than that in the clear sky.(2) The quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) of NLRF are observed in the formation stage of the two fogs.QPOs of LWC are only found in the developing stage no matter with cloudless or cloudy condition.(3) It is likely that sea fog forms by the cooling effects of longwave radiation and develops through the vertical mixing induced by the radiative cooling at the upper level.(4) During sea fog development and persistence,other mechanisms could also play important roles in fog-layer cooling,such as turbulent heat transport and radiation transport between air-sea interfaces.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11605116).
文摘Monoclinic SrAl_(2)Si_(2)O_(8) ceramics for Sr immobilization were prepared by a liquid-phase sintering method.The sintering temperature,mineral phase composition,microstructure,flexural strength,bulk density,and Sr ion leaching characteristics of the SrAl_(2)Si_(2)O_(8) ceramics were investigated.A crystalline monoclinic SrAl_(2)Si_(2)O_(8) phase formed through liquid-phase sintering at 1223 K.The introduction of four flux agents(B_(2)O_(3),CaO·2B_(2)O_(3),SrO·2B_(2)O_(3),and BaO·2B_(2)O_(3))to the SrAl_(2)Si_(2)O_(8) ceramics not only reduced the densification temperature and decreased the volatilization of Sr during high-temperature sintering but also impacted the mechanical properties of the ceramics.Product consistency tests showed that the leaching concentration of Sr ions in the sample with flux agent B_(2)O_(3) was the lowest,whereas that of Sr ions in the sample with flux agent BaO·2B_(2)O_(3) was the highest.These results show that the leaching concentration of Sr ions depends largely on the amorphous phase in the ceramics.Meanwhile,the formation of mineral analog ceramics containing Sr is an important factor to improve Sr immobilization.
文摘针对产油微生物细胞采收难度大,能耗高的问题,采用金属超滤膜系统对圆红冬孢酵母发酵液进行浓缩和膜污染后通量恢复研究。结果表明在过滤时间2h、过滤温度35℃、p H 6.3、膜面流速5m/s、系统压力0.4MPa时,圆红冬孢酵母分离效果最佳,在此条件下进行过滤,平均膜通量达120L/m2·h,与之前相比提高了20-37%。膜污染后先使用添加1%Na OH和0.5%EDTA的碱溶液清洗,然后使用清水洗至中性,再使用添加0.5%HNO3的酸溶液清洗,能够使金属膜通量恢复率达到99%以上。以上结果表明,金属膜可以应用于圆红冬孢酵母发酵液的浓缩,能够简化操作步骤、提高生产效率。
